Fundamental of programming

Chapter 3: Control Statements

May 22, 2025

Outline
 Selection Statements
 If statements
 Nested if statements
 If-else statement
 If… else if… else statement
 Switch statement
 Repetition or Iteration/Looping statements
 For loop statement
 While loop statement
 Do…while statement
 Flow control statement
 Break statement
 Continue statement
 Goto statement

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Introduction
 Sometimes we need to execute a block of statements only
when a particular condition is met or not met. This is
called decision making, as we are executing a certain code
after making a decision in the program logic.
 For decision making in C++, we have four types of selection
statements, which are as follows:
 if statement
 nested if statement
 if-else statement
 if-else-if statement

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If statement
 If statement consists a condition, followed by statement or a set
of statements as shown below:

 The statements inside if parenthesis (usually referred as if

body) gets executed only when the given condition is true. If the
condition is false then the statements inside if body are
completely ignored.

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Example of if statement

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Nested if statement
 When there is an if statement inside another if statement then it
is called the nested if statement

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Example of Nested if statement

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If else statement
 Sometimes you have a condition and you want to execute a
block of code if condition is true and execute another piece of
code if the same condition is false. This can be achieved in C++
using if-else statement.

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Example of if-else statement

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if-else-if Statement
 if-else-if statement is used when we need to check multiple
conditions. In this control structure we have only one “if” and
one “else”, however we can have multiple “else if” blocks.
 Look the next slide

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Example of if-else-if

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Switch Case statement
 Switch case statement is used when we have multiple conditions and we
need to perform different action based on the condition.
 When we have multiple conditions and we need to execute a block of
statements when a particular condition is satisfied. In such case either we
can use lengthy if…else-if statement or switch case.
 The problem with lengthy if…else-if is that it becomes complex when we
have several conditions.
 Switch Case statement is mostly used with break statement
even though the break statement is optional. We will first see an
example without break statement and then we will discuss
switch case with break

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The syntax of Switch case statement

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Repetition or Iteration/Looping statements
For loop statement
While loop statement
Do…while statement

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For loop
 A loop is used for executing a block of statements repeatedly
until a particular condition is satisfied.
 For example, when you are displaying number from 1 to 100
you may want set the value of a variable to 1 and display it 100
times, increasing its value by 1 on each loop iteration.

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Flow of Execution of the for Loop
 As a program executes, the interpreter always keeps track of
which statement is about to be executed. We call this the
control flow, or the flow of execution of the program.

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Steps
 First step: In for loop, initialization happens first and only once, which
means that the initialization part of for loop only executes once.
 Second step: Condition in for loop is evaluated on each loop iteration, if the
condition is true then the statements inside for for loop body gets executed.
Once the condition returns false, the statements in for loop does not execute
and the control gets transferred to the next statement in the program after
for loop.
 Third step: After every execution of for loop’s body, the
increment/decrement part of for loop executes that updates the loop counter.
 Fourth step: After third step, the control jumps to second step and condition
is re-evaluated
 The steps from second to fourth repeats until the loop condition returns false.

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Example

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While loop
 As discussed earlier, loops are used for executing a block of
program statements repeatedly until the given loop condition
returns false.

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How while Loop works?
 In while loop, condition is evaluated first and if it returns true
then the statements inside while loop execute, this happens
repeatedly until the condition returns false. When condition
returns false, the control comes out of loop and jumps to the
next statement in the program after while loop.

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Example

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do-while loop
 do-while loop is similar to while loop, however there is a
difference between them:
 In while loop, condition is evaluated first and then the
statements inside loop body gets executed, on the other hand in
do-while loop, statements inside do-while gets executed first
and then the condition is evaluated.

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How do-while loop works?
 First, the statements inside loop execute and then the condition
gets evaluated, if the condition returns true then the control
jumps to the “do” for further repeated execution of it, this
happens repeatedly until the condition returns false. Once
condition returns false control jumps to the next statement in the
program after do-while.

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Example

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Flow control statements
 Loop control statements change execution from its normal
sequence. When execution leaves a scope, all automatic
objects that were created in that scope are destroyed. C++
supports the following control statements.
 The continue statement
 The break statement
 The goto statement

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The continue statement
 Continue statement is used inside loops. Whenever a continue
statement is encountered inside a loop, control directly jumps to
the beginning of the loop for next iteration, skipping the
execution of statements inside loop’s body for the current
iteration.

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Example: continue statement inside for loop

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Flow Diagram of Continue Statement

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Example: Use of continue in While loop

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Break statement
 The break statement is used in following two scenarios:
1. Use break statement to come out of the loop instantly. Whenever
a break statement is encountered inside a loop, the control
directly comes out of loop terminating it. It is used along with if
statement, whenever used inside loop(see the example below) so
that it occurs only for a particular condition.
2. It is used in switch case control structure after the case blocks.
Generally all cases in switch case are followed by a break
statement to avoid the subsequent cases (see the example
below) execution. Whenever it is encountered in switch-case
block, the control comes out of the switch-case body.
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Example: Use of break statement in a while loop

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go to statement
 The goto statement is used for transferring the control of a program to
a given label.
 Syntax

 In a program we have any number of goto and label statements, the

goto statement is followed by a label name, whenever goto statement
is encountered, the control of the program jumps to the label specified
in the goto statement
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Example of goto statement

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 Thank You!

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