CHAPTER

TWO
Dynamic
Analysis
of
 Main contents

☺ Concepts related to
force and stress
☺ Stress on a plane and
stress at a point
☺ About Principal stress
☺ d/t state of stress
☺ Normal and shear stress
 Force and
stress
 Force: : is defined as any action which
changes or tends to change a body’s state of
rest or uniform motion in a straight line.
In the absence of force, a body
moves at constant velocity, or
it stays at rest.
Direction of action and magnitude are
used to define force . So, force is a vector
quantity.
• The fundamental equation of force is F= Ma
F=force; M=mass; a= acceleration
 Stress: is the force applied over a
given area of the rock mass. It is of three
different kinds:

 Compressive stress - which

tends to squeeze the rock
 Extensional stress- which tends
to pull a rock apart
 Shear stress:-which results from parallel
forces that act on different parts of the rock body in
opposite directions
 Count……
 Consider a two blocks of rocks A&B. I am going to
apply the same forces to each one.

A B
 What will be your expectation ?
Your expectation is that ,The smaller block is going to
“feel” because the force is a lot more than the larger
one .They have fewer particles with in it to distribute
the force.
TO express this we need a new term called stress

𝑨 Stress = force
∕area
Or σ =
 COUNT…
Note that: force is a vector and area is a
scalar. Stress is defined in this way must
be a vector.
 For that reason we call it the stress
vector or traction vector (i.e. stress is a
vector quantity)
Unit of
stress
 Stress has units of force divided by area. Force is
mass times acceleration. The “official” unit is
Pascal (Pa).

Force = mass*acceleration = Kg (m ∕s2) = N = Pa

Area Area m2 m2
 count………
 In the earth most stresses are substantially bigger than a
Pascal, we commonly used the unit “mega Pascal”
(Mpa)

1MPa = 106Pa = 10bars = 9.8692atm.

Sign
convection
Compression stress (+)
Tensional stress (-)
Left-lateral shear stress (+)
Right-lateral shear stress (-)
Stress on a plane & stress at a point
An arbitrary/random/ stress on a plane can
be resolved into three component's

p
 Count…..
 We can extend this idea to 3D to look stress at a
single point ,Which will represent as a very small
cube .

P3

P2
P1
 X3
Count…..

σ
3 X2
3

σ3 σ 32
P3 1

σ 23
X1
P2 σ22
σ
σ 13

21

P1 σ12

σ 11
 Count…..
 In three dimension , there are nine tractions
which define the state of stress at a point.
 There is convections for what the subscriptions
mean:

 The first subscript identifies the plane by indicating the

axis which is _|_ to it.
 The second subscript shows which axis the traction
vector
 The nine is // to. can be written in the form of matrix
vectors

σ11 σ12
σij = σ13
σ21 σ22
 Principal stress

σ11

11
σ
P3
σ22 σ22
P1
22
σ
3

 Orientation of the block where all the shear stress

on all of the face goes to zero . only normal stress is
there .
 For any given state of stress there is at least one set of
three mutually perpendicular planes on which the
shear stresses are zero, and each of the three faces
has only normal stress.
 This face is called principal plane (are
planes with no shear stress)
 N.B : no shear stress on planes perpendicular
to the principal stress!

Then the matrix which represent the stress vector

reduced to :
σ11 0 0
σij= 0 σ22 0
0 0 σ
 The remaining components :

σ1
σ2
σ3
Are known as principal stress
They are stress acting on a principal
plane.

IN ADDATION
 σ1 - is called major principal stress,
 σ2 - is intermediate principal stress and ,

 σ is Minimum principal stress

 State of stress
 Mean
This is stress
just the average of the three
principal stress. 3
σm = σ1 + σ2 + σ3

 Hydrostatic stress
Hydrostatic Pressure/stress/ means when : s1 = s2 =
s3 = P
P 0 0
0 P 0
0 0 P

No shear stress exists on any plane ,because

  Devatoric stress
stress measure how much the normal stress
deviates from the mean, or hydrostatic
stress.

Deviatoric /pore fluid

pressure/(σd ) ,components are calculated by
subtracting the mean stress from each of
the normal stresses of the general stress
vector (not the shear stresses).

σ11 - σm σ12 σ13

σd = σ21 σ22 - σm σ23
σ31 σ32 σ33 - σm
 Other different special state of stress
Uniaxial Stress (compression or
tension)
 One principal stress (s1 or s3) is non-zero, and
the other two are equal to zero.
 i.e. s1 or s3 ≠ 0
Biaxial Stress:
 Two of the principal stresses are non-zero
and the other is zero
Triaxial Stress:
 Three principal stress has non zero value .
 s1 ,s2 and s3 have non –zero value
 s1 > s2 > s3 and can be tensile or compressive
Axial stress
 Two of the three principal
stress are equal and nonzreo
 i.e. : s1 > s2 = s3 >0

Lithostatic pressure /stress/

 The weight of overlaying column of rock
Normal and shear stress
Stress on an arbitrarily-oriented
plane, is not necessarily
perpendicular to that plane.
The stress (s) acting on a plane can
be resolved into two components:

1. Normal stress (sn ) : Component of stress

perpendicular to the plane, and
2. Shear stress (ss) or  : Components of stress
parallel to the plane.
str
ess
☻ No shear stress
only normal stress
is exist

☻ Both shear stress and

ss normal stress is exist
re
st
 r ar i t
z

b
st r y
s ( es
Ar

s)
s
ss

sn
Arbitrary oriented plane

(p)

ϴ
y
x The stress (s) acting on a plane can be resolved
into two components:
The normal and shear stresses can be
calculated on a plane of any orientation (q )
if the magnitude and direction of two of the
three principal stresses (i.e. s1 and s3 ) are
known.

The equations for normal and shear stress

are commonly referred to as the fundamental
normal stress
stress equation.
(sn)
sn= (σ1+σ3)+ (σ1-
2
σ3)cos2ϴ
2of the equation
 This is the standard form
for normal stress
 Count…

 When q = 0o then cos2q = 1 and

sn=(s1+s3)/2 + (s1-s3)/2
which reduces to a maximum value:
sn= (s1+s3 + s1-s3)/2  sn= 2s1/2  sn= s1
 When q = 90o then cos2q = -1 and
sn= (s1+s3)/2 - (s1-s3)/2
which reduces to a minimum
sn= (s1+s3 - s1+s3)/2  sn= 2s3/2  sn= s3

Therefore :
  Shear stress (ss) or 

ss = (σ1- σ3)sin 2ϴ
2
 This is the standard equation for shear
stress
 ss = 0 at q = 0o or 90o or
 at 180o (a minimum )
 ss = (s1-s3)/2 at q = + 45o (maximum
shear stress)
 Mohr diagram of stress
 Mohrs Circle- developed by a scientist
whose name Otto Mohr (1835-1918).
 It is a convenient graphical means to depict
states of stress; for any plane that lie at an
angle theta.
 Mohr’s diagram facilitates a quick, graphical
determination of stresses on planes of any orientation.
 Construction of the Mohr Circle in 2D

1. Plot the normal stress, sn, vs. shear stress, ss, on a

graph paper using arbitrary scale (e.g., mm scale!) .
• The vertical axis (y-axis) depicts shear stress and the
horizontal axis (x-axis) depicts normal stress
2.Calculate:
– Center c = (s1+s3)/2
– Radius r = (s1-s3)/2

• Note: Diameter is the differential stress (s1-s2)

3. The circle intersects the sn (x-axis) at the two principal

stresses (s1 and s3)
 Count………..

4.Multiply the physical angle q by 2

The angle 2q is from the center s1 line to any
point on the circle:
 +2q angles are read ACW above the x-axis
 -2q angles are read CW below the x-axis

5. The sn and ss of a point on the circle

represent the normal and shear
stresses on the plane with the a
given angle q .
 Count………..
 The circle
(sn ,ss )