Engineering Drawing

Teferi zewdie Department

11/Nov /2010
 Objective of the chapter

 Explain the advantage of graphical

language for technical communication
 Able to care and properly handle drawing
instruments
 Explain the meaning of lines, symbols
 Enable to draw geometric objects to
standards
Contents

 Part one
• Introduction
• Course overview
• Drawing as a means of communication
• Graphic language or drafting
 Types of drawing
• Care and use of drawing tools
 Contents (contd)

 Part one
• Types of lines
• Lettering
• Co-ordinate system
• Geometric construction
 Bisecting ,trisecting line and angle
 Dividing a line and an angle in to a number of parts

 Drawing different polygons

 Contents (contd)

 Part one
• Geometric construction
 Drawing special types of curves
 Circle, ellipse, parabola, hyperbola and involutes
 Drawing tangent lines
 Drawing tangent curves ( internal and external)

 Revision

 Practical exercises
 Training aids

 PowerPoint slides prepared

 Reference books
• Engineering drawing and Graphic technology
by French
• Engineering drawing by Luzadder
 Training aids (contd)

 Any available drawing book

 Standard training package (movie)
 Drawing instruments
Introduction
 Drawing as a means of
communications
 Indefinite needs - human nature
 New product
• Research
• Development
• Design
• Production, construction, and Operation
 It needs communication
 Drawing as a means of
communications
 Exchange of ideas needs means of
communication.
 As the idea becomes technical the usual means
of communication (talk or listen, read or write)
will be less exact. For this reason visual
language is developed to be technical and
accurate means communication. This visual
language in broad term is called graphic
language. We call it universal language of
industry when it is used for production
purpose
 Drawing as a means of
communications
 The v-block is to be made of cast iron and
machined on all surfaces. The overall sizes are
two and one-half inches high, three inches
wide, and six inches long. A v-shaped cut
having an included angle of 90° is to be made
through the entire length of the block. The cut
is to be made with the block resting on the
three inch by six inch surface. The v-cut is to
begin one-quarter inch from the outside edges.
At the bottom of the v-cut there is to be a
relief slot one-eighth inch wide by one-eighth
inch deep.
Drawing as a means of
communications
 Drawing as a means of
communications
 How Would You Describe This?
• In teams of two, describe using only words
• How effective is this approach?
Graphic Language or Drafting

• It is a form of communication that is technical

and very exact.
• It is visual language
• Utilize line and symbols agreed all over the
world.
Graphic communication  written or drawn
 Graphic Language or Drafting

 The most common names associated with

the graphic languages are:
• Drafting : represent all graphic languages.
• Technical Drawing : Any drawing which
expresses technical ideas, including sketches,
instrument drawings, charts, and illustrations.
Eg. Technical Sketching; Freehand.
 Graphic Language or Drafting

 Technical Sketching: A technical drawing used

to proportion shape of ideas so that other can
understand the shape of things.
 Mechanical Drawing : A technical drawing made
with drafting instruments.
 Engineering Drawing : Drawing used by
engineers and other member of the design-
engineering team to describe the production of
parts, shape, size and material.
 Graphic Language or Drafting

 Descriptive Geometry : The grammar of

graphic language, the basic principle set up
to use geometric descriptions for solving
two and three dimensional problems.
 Computer Graphics : Use of computer as
drafting instrument with printer or plotter.
 Types of Technical Drawings

 Three Basic Types of

Technical Drawings
• Freehand sketches

• Instrument drawings

• Computer drawings
and models
 Visualization and
Implementation
 There are two principles in drawing
• Visualization
• The ability to see what an object looks like in the
mind of eye.
• Implementation
• Drawing of an object that has been visualized
 Plane and solid Geometry

 Study of drawing can be categorized as

• Plane geometry
 Representation of an object having two dimensions
• Solid geometry
 Representing three dimensions of objects
 Cont ….

 Present 3-D objects with 2-D media

 Two Basic Categories
 2-D 3-D
 Mechanical drawing for Engineer

 Mechanical drawing for Engineer

• Advantage
 It is technical
 Exact

 Clearest way to communicate

 It is a universal language

• Disadvantage
 Time consuming to produce
 It needs skill
 Communication Distance

• Communication distance is a factor for

selection of graphic language.
Engineers + Designers

Sketch

Feed Drafts man Sketch

Back
Mechanical
Drawing

TECHNICIANS
 Types of Drawing

 Sketches
• describe the concept in general
 Layout
• show the relationships of parts and defines key
dimensions
 Details
 Assembly
 Pictorial
• for technical manuals, sales literature, or Internet
 Types of Drawing

 Production Drawings
• Used to:
 transmit and communicate information for the
production of objects and assemblies (critical in
concurrent engineering environment!)
• Classified in two major categories:
 detail drawings
 assembly drawings
 Types of drawing

 Detail drawing
• Drawings of single parts
• May be drawn one part per sheet
• May be several parts detailed on a large sht
• Include info such as dimensions and notes
relating to material, finish, weight, or tolerance
• includes all of the information needed to
fabricate the part.
 Types of drawing

 Assembly Drawings
• Show how parts fit together or are functionally
related
• Dimensions typically refer to relationships
among the parts
• Often a bill of materials (listing of all parts
necessary to make up the total assembly) is
included.
 Types of drawing

 Assembly Drawings
• An assembly drawing is
handy for a technician
servicing a machinery or
machinery component.
• By studying an assembly
drawing and keeping it
handy as the part is
repaired, you can be sure
that all pails are installed in
their proper place.
 Types of drawing

 Exploded pictorial drawings

• Represent several parts assembled according to
the axes of their assembly
• Parts are not shown assembled but are moved
apart along the principal axes of the product
• Typically not dimensioned
• Helpful for assembly purposed on the
production line
 Types of drawing

 Exploded pictorial
drawings
• shows all of the
components spread out,
or exploded. so you can
see what each part looks
like.
• frequently used in
illustrated parts manuals
and service bulletins.
 Care and use of drawing instrument

 In engineering drawing any object is

represented by straight lines and/or curves.
These lines should be drawn as accurate as
possible by the help of drawing
instruments.
 Quality of a drawing depends to a large
extent on the quality , adjustment, proper
use and care of drawing instruments .
 Care and use of drawing instrument

 List of drawing instruments

• Eraser
• Erasing shield
• Triangle (Set-square) (450 and 300 - 600)
• Architect’s or engineer’s scale
• Irregular curves (French curve)
• Drawing instrument set (Compass, Divider, extensions)
• Protractor
 Care and use of drawing instrument

 List of drawing instruments

• Drawing board
• T-square, or parallel-ruling straightedge, or drafting
machine
• Drawing sheets
• Drafting tape
• Drafting pencils
• Pencil sharpener
• Lettering instrument
 Drawing Broad
 Drawing tables come in many different size
and design. It could be fixed, movable, with
drawer, adjustable, etc.
 They are used to attach drawing sheet.
 Keep your drawing table clean and dry not
to affect your drawing quality.
 Don’t use blades to cut drafting
tapes on drawing table.
 Drawing Sheet
US CUSTOMARY ISO
• made from different SERIES STANDAR
materials with different D
quality. Siz First Second Siz Third series
• Paper, tracing paper, e serie series e
s
vellum, tracing cloth,
glass cloth or film. A 81/2 x 11 9 x 12 A0 841 x 1189
• Drawing sheets will
B 11 x 17 12 x 18 A1 594 x 841
determine selection of
pencil grade C 17 x 22 18 x 24 A2 420 x 594

D 22 x 34 24 x 36 A3 297 x 420

E 34 x 44 36 x 48 A4 210 x 297
 T-square
• They can be made from
different materials, mostly
from wood or plastic.
• Parts: blade and head
• two edges of the blade should
be parallel.
• The head is fixed at 900 to the
blade
• The cleanness of your T –
square greatly affect your
drawing quality and
cleanliness.
 T-square
 Used for
• Drawing horizontal
lines
• Guiding triangles
• Position drawing paper
 Drawing Pencils
• Most drawing pencil leads are made from
graphite. They are usually made in 17 degrees
of hardness.
• 6B(softest and blackest) • H (medium hard)
• 5B(extremely soft) • 2H (hard)
• 4B extra soft) • 3H (hard, plus)
• 3B (very soft) • 4H (very hard)
• 2B (soft, plus) • 5H (extra hard)
• B (soft) • 6H (extra hard, plus)
• HB (medium soft) • 7H (extremely hard)
• F (intermediate, between • 8H (extremely hard, plus)
soft and hard) • 9H (Hardest)
 Drawing Pencils
• Selection of drawing pencil
 type and quality of drawing paper
 how thick and dark you want the line to be.
• Pencil lines should be clean and sharp. They must be
dark enough for the views to be seen when the standard
lines are drawn.
• If you use too much pressure, you will groove the
drawing surface. You can avoid this if you use proper
grade of lead.
• Turn the pencil between your thumb and forefinger as
you draw a line.
Drawing instrument set
• It may include compass with pen part and pencil part,
divider, lengthening bar, bow pen, bow pencil and
ruling pens
• Dividers:- used to transfer distance
• Compass:- used to draw circles or arcs (which are parts
of a circle)
• Beam compass:- used to draw arcs or circles of larger
size.
Drawing instrument set
 French Curves
• Used to draw irregular curves
• It is available to align at least three points the
curve to be drawn
 Triangles
• Used to draw lines at standard angles and by
connecting any two points
 Scale of Drawing
 USING PROPER SCALE Enlarged Same size Reduced
2000:1
YOU CAN READ FULL
1000:1 1:1 1:2
SIZE MEASUREMENTS 500:1 1:5
FROM DRAWINGS.
200:1 1:10

100:1 1:20

50:1 1:50

20:1 1:100

10:1 1:200

5:1 1:500

2:1 1:1000
 Types of lines
TYPE OF LINES ILUSTRATION APPLICATION
Continuous thick line Visible outlines (boundary lines)

Continuous thin line Dimension lines, leader lines, extension

lines, construction lines & hatching
(Section) lines.
Continuous thin wavy Irregular boundary lines, short break lines,
line (drawn free hand)
Long break lines.
Continuous thin line
with ZIGZAG.
Short dash Invisible edges
Locus lines center lines,
Long chain
chain thin
thin line

Long chain thick at Cutting plane lines.

ends and thin
elsewhere.
Long thin chain with Phantom line, show alternate position
two dash lines
Types of lines
 Borders and Title Blocks

 Borders
• provides a safety area to prevent the loss of
important information
• Improves appearance for presentation purposes
 Title Blocks
• some items standard: drawing number, sheet
number, title, company name, logo, scale, date,
tolerances, drafter, checker, supervisor
 A few basic points for a drawing

 Should be complete and unambiguous

 Should be neat and easy to read
 Use only as many views as necessary to
show all required detail
 Apply tolerances realistically - overly tight
tolerances can add a great deal of additional
cost with little or not added value to the part
Drawing paper arrangement
 Lettering
 Lettering plays a major role in overall
appearance of a drawing.
 Lettering should be executed in one stroke
 Vertical lettering
 Horizontal lettering
 Exercise on lettering after reading
assignment
 Basic Strokes
Straight Slanted Horizontal Curved

Examples : Application of basic stroke

4 5
“I” letter 1 “A” letter 1 2 “B” letter 1

3 6

3
2
 Suggested Strokes Sequence
Upper-case letters & Numerals

Straight line
letters

Curved line
letters

Curved line
letters &
Numerals
 Suggested Strokes Sequence

Lower-case letters

The text’ s body height is about 2/3 the height of a capital

letter.
Stroke Sequence
I L T F

E H
 Stroke Sequence

V X W
Stroke Sequence

N M K Z

Y A 4
 Stroke Sequence

O Q C G
 Stroke Sequence
D U P B

R J 1 2
Stroke Sequence

5 7
Stroke Sequence
S 0 3 6

8 9
Stroke Sequence

l i
Stroke Sequence
v w x k

z
Stroke Sequence

j y f t

r
 Stroke Sequence

c o a b

d p q e
Stroke Sequence
g n m h

u s
 Word Composition
Observe the following word

Spacing
JIRAPONG
Contour |||| \ \ | )( )| |(
/
General conclusions are:
Space between the letters depends on the contour of
the letters at an adjacent side.
Good spacing creates approximately equal background
area between letters.
 Space between Letters
1. Straight - Straight 3. Straight - Slant

2. Straight - Curve 4. Curve - Curve

 Space between Letters
5. Curve - Slant 6. Slant - Slant

7. The letter “L” and “T”

≡ slant slant

slant
≡ straight
Example : Good and Poor Lettering
GOOD

Not uniform in style.

Not uniform in height.

Not uniformly vertical or inclined.

Not uniform in thickness of stroke.

Area between letters not uniform.

Area between words not uniform.

 Sentence Composition

Leave the space between words equal to the space

requires for writing a letter “O”.

Example

ALL O DIMENSIONS O ARE OIN

MILLIMETERS O UNLESS
OTHERWISE O SPECIFIED.
Geometric construction
 Geometric construction
 A point, line, arc, and circle are the basic
elements used to create the most complex
drawings
 Geometric elements
• A point
• A line
• A curve
• An angle
• Planes
• Closed 2-D elements
• Surfaces
• Solids
 A Point

 Specifies an exact location in space

 Theoretical location that has neither width,
height, nor depth and describes an exact
location in space.
 A point is represented by intersection of
- Intersection of 2-lines
- A short crossbar on a line
- Or by a small cross
 A Point
 A point can be
defined as a set of
coordinates (x,y) on
the Cartesian plane.
 A Line

 Has length and direction but no width

 May be infinite
• At least one point must be specified
• Defined by two end points
• Defined by one end point, a length, and direction
 A Line
 A straight line: is the shortest distance between
two points and is commonly referred to simply as
a “line”
 If the line is indefinite in extent, the length is a
matter of convenience, and the end points are
not fixed
 If the end points are significant, they must be
marked by means of small mechanically drawn
crossbars
 || means parallel lines
 A line

 Line May be straight, curved, or a

combination but straight line is the shortest
distance between two points
A Curve

 The direction is constantly changing

 Single curved lines
• all points on the curve lie on a single plane
 A regular curve
• The distance from a fixed point to any point on
the curve is a constant
• Examples: arc and circle
 A Curve

 A regular curve
• The distance from a
fixed point to any
point on the curve is
a constant
• Examples: arc and
circle
 An angle

 An angle is formed by two intersecting lines

 
means an angle,
 There are 3600 in a full circle
 2-Angles are Complementary if they total

 2-Angles are Supplementary if they total

 Use protractor to draw an angle
An angle
 Planes
Planes are defined by:

Three points not lying in a straight

line
Two parallel lines

Two intersecting lines

A point and a line

 Plane
 Triangles
• Triangles: is a plane figure bounded by three straight sides.
• The sum of the interior angles is always 1800
 Planes Quadrilateral

 Quadrilateral and polygons

Square – All sides equal, four right angles.

Rectangle – Opposite sides are equal,

four right angles.
 Planes Quadrilateral

 Quadrilateral and polygons

Rhombus – All sides equal;

Opposite angles are equal.

Rhomboid – Opposite sides are

equal; Opposite angles are equal.
 Planes Quadrilateral

 Quadrilateral and polygons

Trapezoid – Two sides parallel.

Trapezium – No sides parallel.

 Planes Other
Polygons
 Quadrilateral and polygons

5 SIDES 6 SIDES 7 SIDES

Pentagon Hexagon Heptagon

8 SIDES 9 SIDES 10 SIDES

Octagon Nonagon Decagon

 Planes

 Quadrilateral: is a plane figure bounded by 4-

straight sides.
 If the opposite sides are parallel, the Quadrilateral
is also called parallelogram
 Polygons: is any plane figure bounded by straight
lines.
 Regular Polygon has equal sides and angle,
 Regular Polygon can be inscribed in or
circumscribed around a circle
 Planes

 Quadrilateral and polygons

 Planes

 Circles and Arcs

• Center • Minor arc
• Circumference • Major arc
• Radius • Central angle
• Chord • Sector
• Diameter • Quadrant
• Secant • Segment
• Arc • Tangent
• Semicircle
 Planes

 Circle: is a closed
curve, all points of
which are the same
distance from a point
called the center
 Circumference is
referred to the circle
or to the distance
around the circ
 Planes
 Circles and Arcs R
• Radius (R) 
D
• Diameter (D)
• Angle (1 rev = 360o 0’ 0”)
• Circumference (2*3.14159*R)
• Tangent
• Chord
 A line perpendicular to the midpoint of a chord passes
through the center of the circle
• Concentric circles
 Planes
 Inscribed polygon
An inscribed polygon can be
constructed by determining the
number of sides and the
distance across the corners.

Circle diameter = distance across

corners

8-sided polygon Connect radial lines where the ends

intersect the circumference
Example:
There are 360 in a circle; for an eight-sided polygon
divide 360 by 8 (360 8=45 ) to determine the
 Planes

Circumscribed Polygon
A circumscribed polygon can
be constructed by determining
the number of sides and the
distance across the flats.

Circle diameter = distance across

the flats

8-sided polygon Connect radial lines by drawing line

segments tangent to arc segments
Example:
There are 360 in a circle; for an eight-sided polygon
divide 360 by 8 (360 8=45 ) to determine the
 Planes
 Parallelograms
• 4 sides
• Opposite sides are parallel
• Ex. square, rectangle, and rhombus
 Regular polygons
• All sides have equal length
 3 sides: equilateral triangle
 4 sides: square

 5 sides: pentagon

• Circumscribed or inscribed
 Solids
• Three dimensional  Prisms
• They have a volume • Two equal parallel
• Regular polyhedral faces
 Have regular polygons • Sides are
for faces parallelograms
 All faces are the same  Pyramids
• Common intersection
point (vertex)
 Cones
 Cylinders
 Spheres
 Geometric construction-solids
 Polyhedral: solids bounded by plane surfaces
• These surfaces are called face
• Regular Polyhedral: a solid with faces equal a regular polygon
 Geometric Constraints

 When making solid models, constraints are

necessary to produce parts of exact shapes
and sizes. To make a part parametric it is
necessary to use as many geometric
constraints as possible. The next set of
slides will show what that geometry is.
 Geometric Constraints

Parallel - Lines that are equal distance

from
each other at each point along their
length.
These two lines are parallel. The lines are
also representing the symbol for parallel.

Perpendicular - Lines that are 90° from one another.

These two lines are perpendicular and

represent the symbol for perpendicular.
 Geometric Constraints

 Horizontal - A line is horizontal when it is

parallel to the horizon. In solid modeling,
the line is also parallel in the horizontal
projection plane and will appear true length.
 Vertical - A line is vertical when it is
perpendicular to the horizon. This line will
be parallel to the front and profile
projection planes.
 Geometric Constraints
 Tangent - A line or arc that has one point in common with
an arc. If a line is tangent with a circle the line will be
perpendicular with a line drawn from the point of tangency
through the center point of the arc. If two arcs are tangent
(Figure B), a line drawn between the centers will intersect
at the point of tangency.
 Geometric Constraints

Concentric - Circles or arcs that share the same center

point.

These circles and the arcs share the same

center point.

Coincident - Points that share the same location

on the coordinate plane. Points may also be parts
of arcs or curves.
 Geometric Constraints

Collinear - Lines that if projected at each other will

become the same line.

Collinear lines

Coplanar - Two or more objects that sit in the same

plane.
Fixed Point - A point that has been forced to stay in
one location in space.
Equal - Two or more lines, arcs, or circles that are given
the same magnitude.
 Geometric construction

 Bisecting a line or
circular arc
• From A & B draw
equal arcs with
radius greater than
half AB
• . Join intersection D
& E with a straight
line to locate center
 Geometric construction
 Bisecting a line with a triangle & T-Square
• From endpoints A & B, draw construction lines at
30, 45, or 60 degrees with the given line.
• Then through their intersection, C, draw a line
perpendicular to the given line to locate the center
C
 Geometric construction
 Bisecting an angle
 Angle BAC is
to be bisected:
• Strike large arc R
• From intersect points C
& B, strike equal arcs r
with radius slightly
larger than half BC, to
intersect at D
• Draw line AD, which
bisect the angle
 Geometric construction
 Transferring an angle
 Angle BAC is to be transferred to the new position
A’ B’:
• Use any convenient radius R, and strike arcs from centers A and A’
• Strike equal arcs r, and draw side A’C’
 Geometric construction

 Drawing a line through a point and parallel to a

line
 Geometric construction
 Drawing a line parallel to a line and at a distance
 Geometric construction

 Dividing a line into equal parts

 Geometric construction

 Dividing a
line into
equal
parts---
continued
 Geometric construction

 Dividing a line into proportional parts

 Geometric construction

 Drawing a line through a point and

perpendicular to a line
• When the point is not on the line
• When the point is on the line
• Figure c, d, and e…self read
 Geometric construction

 Drawing a triangle with sides given

• Draw one side, as C, in desired position, and strike arc
with radius equal to side A
• Strike arc with radius equal to side B
• Draw side A and B from intersection of arcs, as shown
in III
 Geometric construction
 Drawing a right triangle
with hypotenuse and
one side given
• Given sides S and R,
with AB as a diameter
equal to S, draw a
semicircle
• With A as a center and R
as a radius, draw an arc
intersecting the
semicircle at C
• Draw AC and CB to
complete the right
triangle
 Geometric construction

 Drawing an equilateral triangle

 Geometric construction

 Drawing a square
 Geometric construction

 Drawing a regular pentagon

 Geometric construction

 Drawing a regular hexagon

 Geometric construction
 Drawing a regular
hexagon
 Geometric construction

 Drawing any regular polygon

 Geometric construction
 Drawing a circle tangent to a line at a given point
• At P, erect a perpendicular to the line
• Set off the radius of the required circle on the perpendicular
• Draw a circle with radius CP
 Geometric construction
 Drawing a tangent to a circle through a point
• Given point P on the circle
• Move the T-square and triangle as a unit until one side of the
triangle passes through the point P and the center of the circle
• Then slide the triangle until the other side passes through point
P, and draw the required tangent
 Geometric construction
 Drawing tangents to two circles
• Move the triangle and T-square as a unit until one
side of the triangle is tangent, by inspection, to the
two circles.
• Then slide the triangle until the other side passes
through the center of one circle, and lightly mark
the point of tangency.
• Then slide the triangle until the slide passes through
the center of the other circle, and mark the point of
tangency.
• Finally, slide the triangle back to the tangent
position, and draw the tangent lines between the two
points of tangency. Draw the second tangent line in
a similar manner
 Geometric construction

 Drawing tangents to two circles

 Geometric construction

 Constructing arcs tangent to two lines

 Geometric construction

 Constructing an arc tangent to a line and another

arc
 Geometric construction

 Constructing
an arc tangent
to two given
arcs
 Geometric construction

 Constructing an arc tangent to a given arc

 Geometric construction

 Conic Sections: are curves produced by

planes intersecting a right circular cone
 4-types of curves are produced: circle,
ellipse, parabola, hyperbola
 Geometric construction
 Ellipse: Single-curved-
surface primitive –
created when a plan
passes through a right
circular cone at an
angle to the axis that is
greater than the angle
between the axis and
the sides (a circle when
viewed at an angle
appears as an ellipse)
 Geometric construction

 An ellipse
• The long axis is the major axis & the short axis is the
minor axis
• Each ellipse has two FOCI points (E & F)
• The foci points are found by striking arcs with radius
equal to half the major axis & with center at the end of
the minor axis (point C or D)
• An ellipse is generated by a point moving so that the
sum of its distances from two points (the foci) is
constant and equal to the major axis
Geometric construction
 Geometric construction

Constructing a Foci
Ellipse
 Geometric construction

 Constructing foci ellipse

 Geometric construction

 Constructing concentric circle ellipse

 Geometric construction

 Constructing four centered method ellipse

 Geometric construction

 Parabola: Curve
created when a
plane intersects a
right circular cone
parallel to the side
(elements) of the
cone
Geometric construction

Parallelogram
Method of
Drawing
Parabolas

Engineering Applications
of Parabolas
 Geometric construction

 Constructing a
parabola
 Geometric construction

 Constructing a parabola
 Geometric construction

 Hyperbola: Curve
of the intersection
created when a
plane intersects a
right circular cone
and makes a smaller
angle
with the axis than
do the elements
 Geometric construction
 Hyperbola
 Geometric construction

 Constructing a hyperbola
 Geometric construction

 Constructing involutes of a circle

 Geometric construction

 Constructing a spiral
• A single-curved surface that begins at a point called a pole and
becomes larger as it travels in a plane around the origin
End of part one