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Lecture Note 1

The document provides an overview of Integrated Circuit (IC) design, focusing on Very-Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) technology, which allows millions of transistors to be integrated on a single chip. It discusses the history of IC design, key components such as transistors and wafers, and the evolution of semiconductor technology, including Moore's Law. Additionally, it highlights current trends in the semiconductor industry, including the demand for higher performance and lower power circuits.

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Nabil Swaqqer Jr
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11 views24 pages

Lecture Note 1

The document provides an overview of Integrated Circuit (IC) design, focusing on Very-Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) technology, which allows millions of transistors to be integrated on a single chip. It discusses the history of IC design, key components such as transistors and wafers, and the evolution of semiconductor technology, including Moore's Law. Additionally, it highlights current trends in the semiconductor industry, including the demand for higher performance and lower power circuits.

Uploaded by

Nabil Swaqqer Jr
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Integrated Circuit Design

NMK22003
(Rekabentuk Litar Bersepadu)
Semester I 2024/2025

Introduction to IC design
and Design Issue
Some
Keywords!
Very-large-scale-integration (VLSI) is defined as a
technology that al ows the construction and
interconnection of large numbers (millions) of transistors
on a single integrated circuit.

Integrated circuit (IC) is acol ection of one or more gates


fabricated on a single silicon chip.

Wafer is a thin slice of semiconductor material on which


semiconductor devices are made. Also called a slice or
substrate.

Chip is asmal piece of semiconductor material upon


which miniaturized electronic circuits can be built.

Die is an individual circuit or subsystem that is one of


several identical chips
that are produced after dicing up a wafer.

If you use these key-words often, people


will think that you are an expert VLSI
engineer!!!
Semiconductors. Semiconductors are materials which have a conductivity
between conductors (generally metals) and nonconductors or insulators (such
as most ceramics). Semiconductors can be pure elements, such as silicon or
germanium, or compounds such as gallium arsenide or cadmium selenide.

A transistor is a type of semiconductor device that can be used to conduct and


insulate electric current or voltage. A transistor basically acts as a switch and an
amplifier. In simple words, we can say that a transistor is a miniature device
that is used to control or regulate the flow of electronic signals.
Historyof
ICDesign
Invention of the transistor 194
(BJT) 7

Shockley, Bardeen, Brattain –


Bell Labs

Single-transistor integrated 195


circuit 8

Jack Kilby – Texas


Instruments

Invention of CMOS logic 196


gates 3

Wanlass & Sah – Fairchild


Semiconductor

First microprocessor (Intel 197


4004) 0

2,300 MOS transistors, 740 kHz clock


frequency

Very Large Scale 1978


Integration

Chipswith
morethan20,000devices
The origin of this terminology can be traced as the logical
extension to the integration techniques namely the Smal Scale
Integration, SSI (the ICs which functioned as logic gate s, flip-
flops), the Medium Scale Integration, MSI (multiplexers,
decoders)., the Large Scale Integration LSI (early
microprocessors, smal memories, PAL, GAL

Technolog Number Of
Gate s / Example Year
Transistor
y Per Chip

SSI 1 to 20
74XX series, 4xxx
series
60’s

MSI 100 to 1000


74XXX series,
45XX series
70’s

LSI 1000 to
10,000/100 to
8085, 80’s
100,000*
10,000 to CPLD, FPGA,
VLSI 100,000/1,000,000 * advanced µC, SoC
90’s
IC’s market trend&
economicimpa
ct

As aresult of the continuously increasing integration


density and decreasing unit costs, the
semiconductor industry has been one of the fastest
growing sectors in the worldwide economy.
ElectronicRevoluti
Ageof
on
electronics
• microcontrollers,DSPs,andotherVLSIc
hips are everywhere

Electronics of today and


tomorrow demand…

• higherperformance(speed)cir
cuits

• low power circuits for portable


applications

• more mixed signal


emphasis

• wireless
hardware

• high performance signal


processing

• sensors and
microsystems
VLSI
Design
DesignFlow
Methodologies

Top Down Design


★ coded circuit
functionality for rapid
design

★ digital
only

BottomUpDesign

★ transistor-level design
with focus on circuit
performance

★ digital & mixed


signal
IntegratedCircuit
Technology
Technologies”for digital
ICs
In PGT220 will cover only CMOSbecause…

• CMOSdominate s the semiconductor/IC


passive circuits:
• resistors and capacitors • industry Silicon is cheaper - preferred
only, no transistors
• over other materials
activecircuits;withtransistors
physics of CMOSis easier tounderstand
•
• III-
CMOSis e asier to implement/fabricate
Vdevices(compoundsemic •
• .)
MOS and Bipolar devices
CMOSprovides lower power-delay
(silicon) •

product CMOS is lowest power

• density: can get moreCMOS


transistors/functions insamechiparea

BUT! CMOS is not the fastest technology!

BJT and III-V devices are faster


CMOStechnologytre
nd
Variations over
time
• #transistors / chip: increasing
with time
• power supply voltage: decreasing
with time
• device channel length: decreasing
withtime
• power / transistor: decreasing with time (constant
power density)
• Maximum Power of the
chip?
Transistor/Chip Channel
Length

Power/
Transistor Supply
Voltage

Low power/voltage is critical for


Moore’s
LawMoore (co-founder of
In 1965, Gordon
intel) realized there was a striking
trend;each new generation of
memorychip contained roughly twice as
much capacity as its predecessor, and
each chip was rele ased within 18-24
months of the previous chip. He
reasoned, computingpower wouldrise
exponentiallyover relatively brief periods
of
time.
Moore's observation, now known as Moore's
Law, described a trend that has continued
and is still remarkably accurate. In 26
years the number of transistors on a chip
Moore’s Law for CPUs and
DRAMs
Semiconductor
Scaling
Cross Section of
transistor
Device channel length: decreasing with
time

Details on transistor operations is on slides 32 onwards


Processor Technology
Scaling
Technologyno
de

iPhone Chip?
ITRS
InternationalTechnologyRoadmapfor
Semiconductors

Predictions of the worldwide semiconductor / IC


industry about its own future
prospects...
DesignIssue
a.Shrinking device
dimension
b. Increasing function
density
c. Increasing clock
frequency
d. Decreasing supply
voltages

Why the chips become complex over the year?


Moore’s law
on powerconsumption

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