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Lecture 6 - IP Address-Subnet and CIDR

The document provides an overview of IP addressing, including the structure of IP addresses, subnetting, and the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. It discusses classful IP addressing, its limitations, and the introduction of CIDR to improve address efficiency. Additionally, it highlights the benefits of subnetting and the significant increase in address space offered by IPv6.

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Mohammed Alkhatib
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14 views32 pages

Lecture 6 - IP Address-Subnet and CIDR

The document provides an overview of IP addressing, including the structure of IP addresses, subnetting, and the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. It discusses classful IP addressing, its limitations, and the introduction of CIDR to improve address efficiency. Additionally, it highlights the benefits of subnetting and the significant increase in address space offered by IPv6.

Uploaded by

Mohammed Alkhatib
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ITGN235

Principles of Networking

IP (Internet
Protocol) Addressing

1
IP Addresses

Structure of an IP address
Subnetting
CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain
Routing)
IP Version 6 addresses
What is an IP Address?

An IP address is a unique global address for


a network interface

An IP address:
is a 32 bit long identifier.
encodes a network number (network prefix)
and a host number

network prefix host number


Simple Example

How Many Network Interfaces exits in the following


Figures?

What is minimum number of required IP Addresses?


Example

How Many Network Interfaces exits in the following


Figures?

What is minimum number of required IP Addresses?


IP Packet Header
IP Packet Header with IP Addresses
Classful IP Addresses
 When Internet addresses were standardized
(early 1980s), the Internet address space
was divided up into classes:
 Class A: Network prefix is 8 bits long
 Class B: Network prefix is 16 bits long
 Class C: Network prefix is 24 bits long

 Each IP address contained a key which


identifies the class:
 Class A: IP address starts with “0”
 Class B: IP address starts with “10”
 Class C: IP address starts with “110”
Dotted Decimal Notation for IP
Addresses
Dotted Decimal Notation/Binary of IP
Addresses
 IP addresses are written in a so-called dotted
decimal notation
 Each byte is identified by a decimal number in
the range [0..255]:
Example:

10000000 10001111 10001001 10010000


1st Byte 2nd Byte 3rd Byte 4th Byte
= 128 = 143 = 137 = 144

128.143.137.144
Network prefix and Host number
 The network prefix identifies a network and the
host number identifies a specific host (actually,
interface on the network).
network prefix host number

 How do we know how long the network


prefix is?
 The network prefix is implicitly defined (see
class-based addressing)
 The network prefix is indicated by a netmask.
Example
 Example: domain.com

128.143 137.144

 Network id is: 128.143.0.0


 Host number is: 137.144
 Network mask is: 255.255.0.0
 Prefix notation: 128.143.137.144/16

 Network prefix is 16 bits long


Preferable Private IP Addresses
Problems with Classful IP Addresses

The original classful address scheme had


a number of problems
Problem 1. Too few network addresses for
large networks
• Class A and Class B addresses are gone
Problem 2. Two-layer hierarchy is not
appropriate for large networks with Class A
and Class B addresses
• Fix #1: Subnetting
Problem 3. Inflexible. Assume a company
requires 2,000 addresses
• Class A and B addresses are overkill
• Class C address is insufficient (requires 8 Class
C addresses)
Problems with Classful IP
Addresses
Problem 4: Exploding Routing Tables: Routing
on the backbone Internet needs to have an entry
for each network address. In 1993, the size of the
routing tables started to outgrow the capacity of
routers.
Fix #2: Classless Interdomain Routing
(CIDR)

Problem 5. The Internet is going to outgrow the 32-bit


addresses

• Fix #3: IP Version 6


Subnetting
To create a subnet address, a network
administrator borrows bits from the original
host portion and designates them as the
•subnet field.
Problem: Organizations have
multiple networks which are
independently managed University
UniversityNetwork
Network
• Solution 1: Allocate one or more
addresses for each network Engineering Medical
• Difficult to manage School School
• From the outside of the
organization, each network
must be addressable. Library
• Solution 2: Add another level of
hierarchy to the IP addressing structure

Subnetting
Basic Idea of Subnetting

• Split the host number portion of an IP address into a


subnet number and a (smaller) host number.
• Result is a 3-layer hierarchy

network prefix host number

network prefix subnet number host number

• Then: extended network prefix


• Subnets can be freely assigned within the
organization
• Internally, subnets are treated as separate networks
• Subnet structure is not visible outside the
organization
Subnet Masks

• Routers and hosts use an extended network prefix (subnet mask) to


identify the start of the host numbers

* There are different ways of subnetting. Commonly used netmasks for university
networks with /16 prefix (Class B) are 255.255.255.0 and 255.255.0.0
Subnet Masks
Subnet Masks

Example: 192.168.137.144
Advantages of Subnetting
 With subnetting, IP addresses use a 3-layer
hierarchy:
 Network
 Subnet
 Host
 Improves efficiency of IP addresses by not
consuming an entire address space for each
physical network.

 Reduces router complexity. Since external


routers do not know about subnetting, the
complexity of routing tables at external
routers is reduced.
CIDR - Classless Interdomain
Routing
Goals:
 Restructure IP address assignments to
increase efficiency
 Hierarchical routing aggregation to
minimize route table entries
CIDR notation of a network address:
192.168.1.0/24 Class C
The network part is called the prefix
Actual Host IP Address: 1-254
Default Network Mask: 255.255.255.0
192.168.1.0/26
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.192
Subnetting Class C -
Borrowing 1 bits
- For example, to break the
network into 2 networks using
C ID R:
- Borrow one bit from the host as shown below
Subnetting Class C –
Borrowing 2 bits
Class C borrowing
table
• Fill the following
table:
Class C borrowing
table
Exerci
se
Answer
IPv6 - IP Version 6
IP Version 6
Is the successor to the currently used IPv4
Specification completed in 1994
Makes improvements to IPv4 (no
revolutionary changes)

One (not the only !) feature of IPv6 is a


significant increase in size of the IP address
to 128 bits (16 bytes)
IPv6 will solve – for the foreseeable future
– the problems with IP addressing
IPv6 Header
IPv6 vs. IPv4: Address Comparison

IPv4 has a maximum of


232  4 billion addresses
IPv6 has a maximum of
2128 = (232)4  4 billion x 4 billion x 4 billion x 4
billion addresses
Notation of IPv6 addresses
Convention: The 128-bit IPv6 address is written as
eight 16-bit integers (using hexadecimal digits for
each integer)
CEDF:BP76:3245:4464:FACE:2E50:3025:DF12

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