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Lecture 1 (FINAL)

The physical layer of the OSI model is responsible for data transmission over physical media, converting data frames into bits for network communication, and maintaining data quality. It encompasses various characteristics such as signal types (digital and analog), transmission mediums (wired and wireless), data flow management, and noise handling during transmission. Additionally, it performs functions like modulation, error detection, and defines network topology and transmission modes.

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14 views20 pages

Lecture 1 (FINAL)

The physical layer of the OSI model is responsible for data transmission over physical media, converting data frames into bits for network communication, and maintaining data quality. It encompasses various characteristics such as signal types (digital and analog), transmission mediums (wired and wireless), data flow management, and noise handling during transmission. Additionally, it performs functions like modulation, error detection, and defines network topology and transmission modes.

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ahmadtariq7799
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COMP305 -

Computer Networks
Physical layer functionality
What is the Physical Layer?
The following points describe the information about the
physical layer of the OSI model:
• The physical layer in the OSI model controls how
data is transferred over a physical medium in a network
channel.
• It is also responsible for converting the data frames
received from the Data-link layer into data bits of 1s
and 0s for transmission over the network.
• It is also responsible for maintaining the data quality by
applying the necessary protocols and maintaining the
data bit rate.
Characteristics of the Physical Layer
Multiple network attributes are associated with the functioning
of the physical layer in the OSI model, some of which are:
1. Signals:
• The physical layer converts data frames from the upper layers
to network signals for efficient data transmission over the
network channel.
Types of signals in the physical layer:
• Digital Signals: This network signal represents the network
pulses and digital data from the upper layers.
• Analog Signals: The physical data bits are converted for
transmission over the network channel.
2. Transmission Medium:
The network function is damaged without proper data
conversion at the physical layer.
Form of the transmission medium in the physical layer:
• Wired Medium: The connection is made through cables
for data transfer.
E.g., Fiber optic cable, Coaxial cable, etc.
• Wireless Medium: The connection established is
performed using the wireless communication network
models.
E.g., Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, etc.
3. Data Flow:
This attribute is responsible for maintaining the information
flow rate and the network model's transmission time frame.
Factors affecting data flow rate for the physical layer:
• Error-Rate: Receiving incorrect data due to noise in the
transmission channel.
• Encoding: Responsible for encoding data for transmission
over the channel.
• Bandwidth: There is an Issue with the transmission rate of
the data in the channel.
4. Noise in Transmission:
During data transmission from the physical layer, the
transmitted data may get damaged or corrupted for multiple
reasons.
Types of noise in the physical layer transmission:
• Dispersion: In this case, the data is spread and overlapped
during transmission, which causes damage to the original
data.
• Attenuation: Continuing failing of the network signal over
the transmission channel.
• Data Delay: The transmitted data reaches the destination
system outside the specified time frame.
Feature Bandwidth Throughput Latency

Meaning Max data capacity of the Actual data transmitted Time delay in data
network successfully transmission

Analogy Width of a water pipe Amount of water flowing Time it takes for water to
through arrive

Unit Mbps, Gbps Mbps, Gbps Milliseconds (ms)

Type Potential speed Actual speed Delay

Ideal Value High High Low

Affected By Network limits, cables Congestion, hardware, Distance, routing,


errors processing
Example
• Let’s say you’re streaming a video:
• Bandwidth = Your connection can support up to 100 Mbps
• Throughput = You're getting 60 Mbps (because others are using the
network, too)
• Latency = It takes 20 milliseconds for the video request to reach the
server and come back
Formulas
Formulas
Formulas
Problem
Functions of Physical Layer
• Bit Transmission: It converts data from the higher layers into electrical,
optical, or radio signals for transmission over the physical medium. It
handles the actual transmission and reception of these bits.
• Modulation and Demodulation: For transmission over analog channels, the
Physical Layer modulates the digital data (i.e., converts binary data into
analog signals) and demodulates the analog signals back to binary data on
the receiving end.
• Signal Encoding and Decoding: It encodes the binary data into specific
signals, such as electrical pulses or light pulses, and decodes incoming
signals back into binary form.
Functions of Physical Layer
• Data Rate Control: It determines the data rate or speed at which data is
transmitted over the physical medium.
• Physical Medium Attachment: It defines the physical characteristics of the
connection between devices, such as cables, connectors, and the type of
transmission medium used (e.g., copper wires, fiber optics, or wireless).
• Error Detection (Physical Layer): Some basic error detection may occur,
such as identifying whether the received signal is corrupted by noise or
interference.
• Multiplexing and Demultiplexing: It can support multiplexing techniques to
send multiple signals over a single medium, allowing for efficient use of the
physical channel.
Functions of Physical Layer
• Topology and Network Configuration: The Physical Layer also defines how
devices are physically connected in a network, including the physical layout
or topology (e.g., star, bus, ring).
• Transmission Modes: The physical layer in the OSI model specifies the
transmission direction between two devices. Transmission mode refers to
the method that is used to transfer data from one device to another. The
physical layer in the OSI model primarily determines the direction of data
travel required to reach the receiver system or node. Transmission modes
are classified into three types:
• Simplex mode
• Half-duplex mode
• Full-duplex mode

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