TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

402067
Chapter 3: Fourier Series
&
Fourier Transform
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The picture content of this slide is from Charles L.

Phillips, [2014],Signals, Systems, and Transforms, 5e.
Pearson.

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 OUTLINE

1. Fourier series
2. Convolution
3. Fourier transform of aperiodic signals
4. Fourier transform of periodic signals

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 OBJECTIVES

In this chapter, you will learn:

• how to approximate periodic functions
• Fourier series and frequency spectra
• Convolution
• Fourier transform of different types of signals

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 1. HISTORY OF FOURIER SERIES

Euler studied vibrating

strings
Fourier showed that
periodic signals can be
represented as the
integrals of sinusoids
To predict astronomical that are not all
events, the idea of using harmonically related
trigonometric sums was
used
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 PERIODIC SIGNALS & FOURIER SERIES

• is a periodic signal if
Where T is the fundamental period
is the fundamental frequency

• Fourier series is of the form: 

With k=0 is a constant x(t ) 
k  
Ck e 0  jk t

k=+/-1 are the first harmonic components

k=+/-N are the Nth harmonic components

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 PERIODIC SIGNALS & FOURIER SERIES

• Fourier series is of the form:

 
x(t )   Ck e jk0t   Ck e jk (2 /T )t
k   k  
where

 x(t )e  x(t )e
 jk0t  jk (2 / T ) t
Ck  1
T dt  1
T dt
T T

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 PERIODIC SIGNALS & FOURIER SERIES

• Forms of the Fourier series

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 FOURIER SERIES & FREQ. SPECTRA

Example: Find Fourier series of a square wave

A method of displaying frequency content of a

periodic signal is plotting the Fourier coefficients Ck

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 FOURIER SERIES & FREQ. SPECTRA

Frequency content:

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 PROPERTIES OF FOURIER SERIES

Assume and then

• Linearity:

• Multiplication:

• Time shifting:

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 PROPERTIES OF FOURIER SERIES

Assume and then

• Time reversal:

• Time scaling:

• Conjugation:

• Parseval’s relation:

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 2. CONVOLUTION

• A function derived from two given functions by

integration.
• Convolution expresses how the shape of one
function is modified by the other.
• Convolution of functions and is defined as

∞
𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) ≝ 𝑥 1 ( 𝑡 ) ∗ 𝑥 2 ( 𝑡 )= ∫ 𝑥 1 ( 𝑡 −𝜏 ) . 𝑥2 ( 𝜏 ) 𝑑 𝜏
−∞

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 CONVOLUTION

Wikipedia: Convolution. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 22 July. 2015. Web 13 May. 2016
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution>

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 3. FOURIER TRANSFORM

• A method of representing mathematical models of

signals and systems in frequency domain.

Time Frequency
Domain Domain

∞
1
F −1
{ 𝑋 (𝜔 )}=𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) =
2𝜋
∫ 𝑋 (𝜔) 𝑒 𝑗 𝜔 𝑡 𝑑 𝜔
−∞

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 3. FOURIER TRANSFORM

Recall:
Real Imaginary
𝑋 ( 𝜔 )=¿ ¿
Magnitude spectrum: ¿ ¿
𝑄 ( 𝜔)
Phase spectrum: 𝜑 (𝜔)=𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔
𝑃 (𝜔 )

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 3. FOURIER TRANSFORM

• If is real then

¿
𝑃 ( 𝜔 )=𝑃 ( −𝜔 ) 𝑄 ( 𝜔 )=−𝑄 ( − 𝜔 )
¿ 𝑋 ( 𝜔 )∨¿∨ 𝑋 ( −𝜔 )∨¿ 𝜑 ( 𝜔 )=− 𝜑 (− 𝜔 )

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 3. FOURIER TRANSFORM

Example:
Find the Fourier transform of with , the magnitude
spectrum and the phase spectrum?
• Fourier transform (frequency spectrum) of


1
X ( w) e e at  j w t
dt 
• Magnitude spectrum:
0
a  jw
• Phase spectrum: 1
| X(w) |
a 2  w2 w
X (w)  arctan( )
a
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 3. FOURIER TRANSFORM

2
t
1  2 ( ) e 
2  2
 t   T  t  2  T 
 T 

 TSa 
 2


    TSa 
T
   2


       
Sa(0t)    
0  20 
2
Sa (0t)   
0  20 
cos(0t )   (  0 )   (  0 )

sin(0t)   j [ (  0 )   (  0 )]

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 3. FOURIER TRANSFORM

DIY: Find the frequency spectrum of

x(t)
A

A/2

-4 0 4 t

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 PROPERTIES OF F. TRANSFORM

Assume ¿ then

• Linearity:
¿
• Time reversal:

¿ 1
• Time scaling: 𝑥 (a t )↔
¿ 𝑎∨¿ 𝑋 ( )
𝜔
𝑎
¿

• Time shifting: 𝑥 (𝑡 −𝑡 0) ↔ 𝑋 ( 𝜔 ) 𝑒 − 𝑗 𝜔 𝑡 0

• Time transformation: 𝑥 (a t − t ) ↔ 1

( )
0
𝜔 − 𝑗𝑡 0𝑤/ 𝑎
¿ 𝑎∨¿ 𝑋 𝑒 ¿
𝑎

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 PROPERTIES OF F. TRANSFORM

Assume ¿ 𝑗𝜔 𝑡
then
• Frequency shifting: 𝑥 (𝑡 )𝑒 ↔ 𝑋 ( 𝜔 − 𝜔0 )0

• Multiplying by a sinusoid:
1
𝑥 (𝑡 ) cos 𝜔 0 𝑡 ↔ [ 𝑋 ( 𝜔 −𝜔 0 ) + 𝑋 ( 𝜔+ 𝜔0 ) ]
2
1
𝑥 (𝑡)sin 𝜔 0 𝑡 ↔ [ 𝑋 ( 𝜔 − 𝜔 0 ) − 𝑋 ( 𝜔+𝜔 0 ) ]
2𝑗
• Differentiation in frequency domain
• Differentiation in time domain

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 PROPERTIES OF F. TRANSFORM

Example:
𝑡 −1
• Find the frequency spectrum of 𝑥 (𝑡 )=𝑡 2 . 𝛱 ( 4 )

• Find the time function of signal that has frequency

spectrum as follow:
X(w)
A

-6 -4 0 4 6 w
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 PROPERTIES OF F. TRANSFORM

Assume ¿ then
• Duality: 𝑋 (𝑡)↔2 𝜋 𝑥 ( − 𝜔 )
• Multiplication in time domain:
1
𝑥 (𝑡 ). 𝑦 (𝑡 )↔ ¿
2𝜋
• Convolution in time domain:
¿
• Time integration:
𝑡
1
∫ 𝑥 ( 𝜏 ) 𝑑𝜏 ↔ 𝑗 𝜔 𝑋 (𝜔)+𝜋 𝑋 (0) 𝛿(𝜔)
−∞

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 PROPERTIES OF F. TRANSFORM

• Parseval’s theorem:
∞
𝐸 𝑥= ∫ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
− ∞

For real signal, has even spectrum: ¿

then ∞
1
𝐸 𝑥= ∫ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
𝜋 0

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 4. FOURIER TRANSFORM OF
PERIODIC FUNCTIONS
Recall:
• Periodic function of time can be represented by its
Fourier series
∞ 𝑇
1
∑ with 𝐶 𝑛 = ∫ 𝑥 (𝑡)𝑒
− 𝑗𝑛 𝜔 𝑡
𝑥 (𝑡)= 𝐶𝑛 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝜔 0 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 0

𝑛=−∞ 𝑇0
• Take Fourier transform on both sides, we have

𝑋 (𝜔 )=𝐹 ¿¿ 2 𝜋
∞

∑ ¿¿
𝑛 =−∞

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 4. FOURIER TRANSFORM OF
PERIODIC FUNCTIONS
• Periodic function can also be represented using
comb function: 1
𝑥 (𝑡 )=𝑔(𝑡 )∗
𝑡
𝑇
∨¿∨ (𝑇 )
where is one replica of
• Frequency spectrum of is
∞
1 𝐺 ( 𝑛𝜔 0 ) ∞
𝑋 ( 𝜔 ) =𝐺 ( 𝜔 ) .2𝜋 ∑ 𝛿 ( 𝜔−𝑛𝜔 0 )=2𝜋 ∑ 𝛿 ( 𝜔−𝑛𝜔 0 )
𝑛=−∞ 𝑇 𝑛=− ∞ 𝑇
Recall:
()
∞
1 𝑡 1
∨¿∨ ↔2 𝜋 ∑ 𝛿 ( 𝜔−𝑛𝜔0 )
𝑇 𝑇 𝑛=−∞ 𝑇

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 4. FOURIER TRANSFORM OF
PERIODIC FUNCTIONS
Example: Find the frequency spectrum of

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 APPLICATION OF F. TRANSFORM

• Fourier transform are used in finding the frequency

response of linear systems and the frequency
spectra of signals.

• Finding the frequency response of linear systems

will be covered in the next chapters.

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 ENERGY AND POWER
DENSITY SPECTRA
• Energy/Power spectral density functions are used
to determine the energy/power distribution of an
energy/power signal, in the frequency spectrum.

• Energy density spectrum of signal :

2
𝛷 (𝜔)=¿ 𝑋 ( 𝜔 ) ∨¿ ¿
Then energy of signal is
+∞
1
𝐸 𝑥=
2 𝜋
∫ ¿¿¿¿
−∞

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 ENERGY AND POWER
DENSITY SPECTRA
• Power density spectrum of periodic signal :

 x   2      n 
n 0
n  

2
with 𝛹 𝑛 =¿ 𝐶𝑛 ∨¿ ¿
Recall: spectrum of periodic signal x(t) is ∞
X (𝜔)=2 𝜋 ∑ ¿¿
𝑛 =−∞
Then power of signal is

P x =¿
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 SUMMARY

In this chapter, you have learned:

• how to represent periodic signals using Fourier
series
• Fourier transform and frequency spectrum of
various types of signal
• properties of frequency spectrum of signals and
how to manipulate signals in frequency domain

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 MATLAB TUTORIAL 3

MATLAB computing:
• Fourier Series and Fourier
Transform
Pages 7-1 to 8-49

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 HOMEWORK

[1] page 215 to 224

4.1, 4.2, 4.4, 4.8, 4.10, 4.18
[1] page 287 to 295
5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 5.10, 5.13, 5.17, 5.18, 5.19,
5.20, 5.21, 5.22, 5.23, 5.26, 5.28

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 PREP. FOR NEXT TIME

[1] Chapter 3: Continuous-Time Linear Time-Invariant

Systems
Section 3.1 to 3.6

Refer to the syllabus for more reading on references

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