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Data Collection Methods: Observation Studies: Deepak Khazanchi

This document discusses observation as a method for collecting data. Observation allows researchers to directly watch and record processes, workflows, and behaviors as they naturally occur. There are different types of observation, including non-behavioral observation where records and physical conditions are analyzed, and behavioral observation where nonverbal behaviors, language use, and other factors are examined. Advantages include collecting original data in real-time and capturing whole events, while limitations include being restricted to overt behaviors and actions. The relationship between observer and subject, and type of observational study, are also outlined.

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Kumarika Harakh
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38 views14 pages

Data Collection Methods: Observation Studies: Deepak Khazanchi

This document discusses observation as a method for collecting data. Observation allows researchers to directly watch and record processes, workflows, and behaviors as they naturally occur. There are different types of observation, including non-behavioral observation where records and physical conditions are analyzed, and behavioral observation where nonverbal behaviors, language use, and other factors are examined. Advantages include collecting original data in real-time and capturing whole events, while limitations include being restricted to overt behaviors and actions. The relationship between observer and subject, and type of observational study, are also outlined.

Uploaded by

Kumarika Harakh
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Collection Methods: Observation Studies

Deepak Khazanchi

OBSERVING

Observation is a method of data gathering in which a qualified person watches, or walks through, the actual processing associated with a system

Best for studying processes, e.g. manufacturing Useful for studying the work flow through an office for example Could be active or passive

Observation

Nonbehavioral observation

Record analysis:

Analysis of historical or current records and public or private records. Audits of merchandise availability, studies of plant safety compliance, etc. Time/motion studies, financial flows in a banking system, paper flow in office systems, etc.

Physical condition analysis

Process or activity analysis

Observation

Behavioral observation

Nonverbal analysis

E.g., Monitoring eye movement in user-interface studies. E.g., study of a sales presentations content or the study of what, how, and how much information is conveyed in a training situation. E.g., study of the linguistic content of the interaction between supervisors and subordinates. E.g., a study of how salespeople physically approach customers.

Linguistic analysis

Extralinguistic analysis

Spatial analysis

Advantages of the Observational Method

Collect the original data at the time it occurs Secure information that participants would ignore because its so common it is not seen as relevant Only method available to collect certain types of data

Advantages of the Observational Method (cont.)

Capture the whole event as it occurs in its natural environment Subjects seem to accept an observational intrusion better than they respond to questioning

Limitations of the Observational Method

Observer or recording equipment must be at the scene of the event when it takes place Slow process Expensive process Most reliable results are restricted to information that can be learned by overt action or surface indicators

Limitations of the Observational Method (cont.)

Research environment is more likely suited to subjective assessment and recording of data than to quantification of events Limited as a way to learn about the past Cannot observe rationale for actions, only actions themselves

Relationship between Observer and Subject


Direct or indirect observation Observers presence known or unknown to the subject Observer is involved or not involved with the respondent

Observation Methods: The Observer-Subject Relationship

Direct observation

Observer is physically present to monitor Observations are recorded (audio, video or other) Observes use concealment to shield themselves from the object of their observation. Observer is involved in the activity being observed

Indirect observation

Concealment

Participant

The Type of Observational Study

Simple Observation

Exploratory, found in most studies, goal of discovery. Employs standardized procedures, trained observers, schedules for recording, and other devices for the observer that mirror the scientific procedures for other primary data collection methods.

Systematic Observation

Guidelines for Selecting Observers

Ability to concentrate in a setting full of distractions Ability to remember details of an experience Ability to be unobtrusive in the observational situation Ability to extract the most from an observational study

Conducting the Study: Observation Data Collection

Who?

What qualifies a subject to be observed? Event Sampling

What?

Observer records selected behavior that answers the investigative question


Observer may record data at fixed points in time for a specified length, at specified intervals, or continuously.

Time Sampling

Observation Data Collection (contd)

When?

Is the time of the study important, or can any time be used?

How?

Will the data be directly observed? If there sis more than one observer, how will the task be divided? How will the results be recorded for later analysis?
Within spatial confine, where does the act take place?

Where

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