Topics in Basic Linear Programming with Inequalities

Florencito V. Capito
GEC Faculty
Linear – The word 'linear' means the relationship represented by straight line.
Linear graphs are straight line graphs to represent the relationship between two
quantities. This graph helps in depicting a result in single straight lines. There is
no use of curves, dots, bars, etc., and a straight line is denoted by the term linear.
 A linear function is defined as a function that has either one or two
variables without exponents. It is a function that graphs to the
straight line. Ex. y = 3x – 2 , this function can be written as f(x) = 3x - 2.
Programming – does not refer to computer programming but rather “planning”
- planning of activities to obtain an optimal result. It describes the optimal
allocation of limited resources
 What is Linear Programming?
Linear programming is a famous mathematical modeling tool for
determining the best distribution of scarce resources among competing
demands.
Machinery, time, personnel, raw materials, money, and space are all
resources. It is used to find the most optimal solution to a problem with
given constraints. The real-life situations can be formulated using linear
programming concepts into a mathematical model. Linear programming
problems consist of an objective function and linear equalities subjected
to constraints.
Linear programming (LP) is one of the simplest ways to perform optimization.
It helps you solve some very complex LP problems and linear optimization
problems by making a few simplifying assumptions.
Optimization is the way of life. We all have finite resources and time and we
want to make the most of them. From using your time productively to solving
supply chain problems for your company – everything uses optimization. It’s
an especially interesting and relevant topic in data science.
Broadly speaking, optimization is the act of changing an existing process in
order to increase the occurrence of favorable outcomes and decrease the
occurrence of undesirable outcomes.
In the presence of linear inequality or equality constraints, linear programming
reduces or maximizes a linear function (sometimes called an objective
function). When utilizing linear programming to solve a problem, the program
creates numerous linear inequalities before maximizing or reducing the inputs.
In Mathematics, linear programming is a method of
optimizing operations with some constraints. It is
used to find a way to handle optimization problems
(linear programming problems). It is a mathematical
method to achieve the best outcomes. The main
objective of linear programming is to maximize or
minimize the numerical value. It consists of linear
functions which are subjected to the constraints in
the form of linear equations or in the form of
inequalities.
Linear programming is a simple technique where we
depict complex relationships through linear
functions and then find the optimum points.
The Constraints
Constraint means a limitation/restriction.
Example:
-There decision to abandon the trip was made because of financial constraints.
- Water shortages in the area will be the main constraint on development.
Constraints define the possible values that the variables of a linear programming problem
may take. They typically represent resource constraints, or the minimum or maximum level
of some activity or condition. They take the following general form:
n
subject to ∑a ji xi ≤ bj j = 1,2,...,m Where: Xi = the ith decision
variable
i=1 aj, i = the coefficient on Xi
in constraint j, and bj
bj= the right-hand-
side coefficient on constraint j.
Note that j is an index that runs from 1 to m, and each value of j corresponds to a
What is linear programming in
real life?
Linear programming is heavily used in microeconomics and company
management, such as planning, production, transportation, technology and
other issues, either to maximize the income or minimize the costs of a
production scheme. In the real world the problem is to find the maximum profit
for a certain production.
You can use a linear equation to depict almost any circumstance involving an
unknown number, such as estimating income over time, computing mileage
rates, or predicting profit. Many people use linear equations on a daily basis,
even if they don't visualize a line graph in their heads.
REVIEW

Graphing Linear
Inequalities
HOW TO DETERMINE
THE TYPE OF LINE TO
DRAW ?

Solid Line
≥≤ __________________

Dotted Line
¿ ¿ -----------------------------
 Choose the type of line
for the inequality given.
1. y > 3x - 2
→ a. Solid b. Dotted
2. y > ¼x - 5
→
a. Solid b. Dotted
If the inequality is: Shade

y > mx + b
or Above the line
y > mx + b
y < mx + b
or Below the line
y < mx + b
 Graph y > x - 2.
1. Graph
the line
y = x - 2.
x -1 0 1 2
y -3 -2 -1 0

Use (0, 0) as a
(2, 0) x
test
point. (1, -1) 2. Since y >, shade
(0, -2) above the line.
(-1, -3)

y
 Graph y < x - 2.

1. Graph
the line
y = x - 2.
x -1 0 1 2
y -3 -2 -1 0

2. Since y <, shade

y
Graph y > x - 2.

1. Graph
the line
y = x - 2,
but make
the line
dotted.
x

2. Since y >, shade

y
Graph y < x - 2.

1. Graph
the line
y = x - 2,
but make
the line
dotted.
x

2. Since y <, shade

y
Graph y > -½x + 3
Type of
line:
Soli
d

Dotted

y
Graph y > -½x + 3
Type of
line:
Soli
d
Dotte
d

Shade ___ the line.

Shade ___ the line.

y < 1/3 x +
2

y < 1/3 x +
2
x

y > 1/3 x +
2

y > 1/3 x +
2

y
Where to Shade for Undefined or
No Slopes:
The inequality must be in
x  # (no y)
format.

 can be:
>, >, <, or <.
 NO SLOPE
If the Shade
inequality is: To the
x>#
or Right of the
x># line
x<#
or Left of the line
x<#
 NO SLOPE
Graph x > -2
1. Draw a
dotted vertical
line at x = -2.

2. Shade to
the right of
the line.

y
 NO SLOPE
Graph x < -2.
1. Graph
the line
X = -2.

x
2. Shade
to the left
of the line.

y
 NO SLOPE
Graph x > 3.

Choose type of
line.
Solid
Dotte
d x

y
 NO SLOPE
Graph x > 3.

Choose type of
line.
Soli
d

x
Choose
where to
shade.
Lef
Right
t
y
 NO SLOPE
Graph x > 3.

Choose type of
line.
Soli
d

Choose
where to
shade.
Righ
y
t
Solve -3x - 2y < 12.
+3x +3x
-2y < 3x + 12
y < -3/2 x -
-2 -2 6 -2
> y < -3/2 x - 6
Choose the correct inequality.
1. 2x + 5y > -10 2x + 5y > - 10
y < 2/5 x + -2x -2x
y > 2/5 x +
2 5y > - 2x - 10
2
y < -2/5 x - y > -2/5 x - 5 5 5
2 2
y > - 2/5x - 2

2. 3x - 2y > 15
y > -3/2 x - y < -3/2 x -
5 5
y < 3/2 x - y > 3/2 x -
5 5
Example 1
Which ordered pair is a solution of
5x - 2y ≤ 6?
A. (0, -3) -5X -5X
B. (5, 5) - 2Y < - 5X + 6 Y = 5x/2 - 3
C. (1, -2) -2 -2 -2
D. (3, 3) X 0
y > 5/2 X - 3 Y -3
Example 2
Graph the inequality x ≤ 4 in a coordinate plane. y

Decide whether to 5

use a solid or
dashed line.
Use (0, 0) as a
x
test point.
Shade where the
solutions will be.

-5
-5 5
Example 3
Graph 3x - 4y > 12 in a coordinate plane.
y
Sketch the boundary line of the 5graph.
 Solve for “y” first:
 y < ¾x - 3

Solid or dashed
line?
x
Use (0, 0) as a
test point.
Shade where the
solutions are.
-5
-5 5
Example 4:
Graph y < 2/5x in a coordinate plane.
•What is the slope and y-intercept?
•m = 2/5 5
y

•b = (0,0)
•Solid or dashed
line?
Use a test point x

OTHER than the