CHAPTER 5

ARRAYS AND STRINGS

 Objectiv
es
In this chapter, you will:
• Explore how to declare and manipulate
data into arrays
• Understand the meaning of “array index
out of bounds”
• Become familiar with the restrictions on
array processing
• Discover how to pass an array as a
parameter to a function
• Discover how to manipulate data in
a two- dimensional array
 Data
Types
• A data type is called simple if
variables of that type can store
only one value at a time
• A structured data type is one in
which each data item is a collection
of other data items
 Array
•
s
Array: a collection of a fixed number
of components wherein all of the
components have the same data
type
• In a one-dimensional array, the
components are arranged in a list
form
• Syntax for declaring a one-
dimensional array:
 Arrays
• Example:
(cont.)
int num[5];
 Accessing Array
•
Components
General syntax:

where indexExp, called an index, is any

expression
whose value is a nonnegative integer
• Index value specifies the position
of the component in the array
• [] is the array subscripting
operator
• The array index always starts at 0
Accessing Array
Components
(cont.)
Accessing Array
Components
(cont.)
Accessing Array
Components
(cont.)
Accessing Array
Components
(cont.)
 Processing One-
Dimensional
Arrays performed
• Some basic operations
on a one-dimensional array are:
– Initializing
– Inputting data
– Outputting data stored in an array
– Finding the largest and/or smallest
element
• Each operation requires ability to
step through the elements of
the array
• Easily accomplished by a loop
 Processing One-
Dimensional Arrays
• Consider the(cont.)
declaration
int list[100]; //array of size
100 int i;

• Using for loops to access array

elements:
for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) //Line 1
//process list[i] //Line 2
• Example:
for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) //Line 1
cin >> list[i]; //Line 2
 Array Index Out of
• Bounds
If we have the statements:
double num[10];
int i;
• The component num[i] is valid if i = 0,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9
• The index of an array is in bounds if the
index
>=0 and the index <= ARRAY_SIZE-1
– Otherwise, we say the index is out of
bounds
• In C++, there is no guard against indices
that are out of bounds
 Array Initialization During
Declaration
• Arrays can be initialized during
declaration
– In this case, it is not necessary to
specify the size of the array
• Size determined by the number of initial
values in the braces
• Example:
double sales[] = {12.25, 32.50, 16.90,
23,
45.68};
 Partial Initialization of
Arrays During
• Declaration
The statement:
int list[10] = {0};
declares list to be an array of 10
components and initializes all of them to
zero
• The statement:
int list[10] = {8, 5, 12};
declares list to be an array of 10
components, initializes list[0] to 8,
list[1] to 5, list[2] to 12 and all
other components are initialized to 0
 Partial Initialization of
Arrays During Declaration
• (cont.)
The statement:
int list[] = {5, 6, 3};
declares list to be an array of 3 components
and initializes list[0] to 5, list[1] to 6,
and list[2] to 3
• The statement:
int list[25]= {4, 7};
declares an array of 25 components;
initializes list[0] to 4 and list[1] to
7; all other components are initialized to 0
 Some Restrictions on Array
Processing
• Consider the following statements:

• C++ does not allow aggregate

operations on an array:

• Solution:
 Some Restrictions on Array
Processing (cont.)
• The following is illegal too:

• Solution:

• The following statements are legal, but

do not give the desired results:
 Arrays as Parameters to
•
Functions
Arrays are passed by reference only
• The symbol & is not used when
declaring an array as a formal
parameter
• The size of the array is usually omitted
– If provided, it is ignored by the compiler
 Base Address of an Array
and Array in Computer
• TheMemory
base address of an array is
the address, or memory location
of the first array component
• If list is a one-dimensional array,
its base address is the address of
list[0]
• When we pass an array as a
parameter, the base address of
the actual array is passed to the
formal parameter
 Two-Dimensional
•
Arrays
Two-dimensional array: collection of a
fixed number of components (of the
same type) arranged in two
dimensions
– Sometimes called matrices or tables
• Declaration syntax:

where intexp1 and intexp2 are

expressions yielding positive integer
values, and specify the number of rows
and the number of columns,
respectively, in the array
Two-Dimensional Arrays
(cont.)
 Accessing Array
•
Components
Syntax:

where indexexp1 and indexexp2 are

expressions yielding nonnegative integer
values, and specify the row and column
position
Accessing Array
Components
(cont.)
 Two-Dimensional Array
Initialization During
• Declarationarrays can be
Two-dimensional
initialized when they are declared:

– Elements of each row are enclosed within

braces and separated by commas
– All rows are enclosed within braces
– For number arrays, if all components of a row
aren’t specified, unspecified ones are set to
0
 Processing Two-
Dimensional
• Ways to process Arrays
a two-dimensional array:
– Process the entire array
– Process a particular row of the array,
called row processing
– Process a particular column of the array,
called column processing
• Each row and each column of a two-
dimensional array is a one-dimensional
array
– To process, use algorithms similar to
processing one- dimensional arrays
Processing Two-
Dimensional Arrays
(cont.)
 Initializati
•
on
To initialize row number 4 (i.e., fifth
row) to 0

• To initialize the entire matrix

to 0:
 Prin
•
t
To output the components of
matrix:
 Inpu
•
t
To input data into each component of
matrix:
 Sum by
• Row
To find the sum of row number 4 of
matrix:

• To find the sum of each individual

row:
 Sum by
•
Column
To find the sum of each individual
column:
Largest Element in Each Row
and Each Column
 Reversing
•
Diagonal
To reverse both the
diagonals:
 Summar
•
y
Array: structured data type with a
fixed number of components of
the same type
– Components are accessed using their
relative positions in the array
• Elements of a one-dimensional
array are arranged in the form of a
list
• An array index can be any
expression that evaluates to a
nonnegative integer
 Summary
• (cont.)
The base address of an array is the
address of the first array component
• When passing an array as an actual
parameter, you use only its name
– Passed by reference only
• A function cannot return a value of the
type array
 Summary
• (cont.) array, the
In a two-dimensional
elements are arranged in a table form
• To access an element of a two-
dimensional array, you need a pair of
indices:
– One for the row position
– One for the column position
• In row processing, a two-dimensional
array is processed one row at a time
• In column processing, a two-dimensional
array is processed one column at a time
Source:
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program
Design, Fourth Edition