8

Chapter

Communications
and Networks
Chapter 8

© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Learning Objectives

At the end of the session, students should be able to:

1. Explain connectivity, the wireless revolution, and communication
systems.
2. Describe physical and wireless communications channels.
3. Differentiate between connection devices and services, including dial-
up, DSL, cable, satellite, and cellular.
4. Describe data transmission factors, including bandwidth and protocols.
Computing Essentials 2017

5. Define networks and key network terminology including network

interface cards and network operating systems.
6. Describe different types of networks, including local, home, wireless,
personal, metropolitan, and wide area networks.
7. Describe network architectures, including topologies and strategies.
8. Explain the organization issues related to Internet technologies and
network security.

© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Introduction

We live in a truly

connected society.
Increased connectivity
potentially means
increased productivity,
especially in business.
Computing Essentials 2017

You will learn more about

the concept of connectivity
and the impact of the
wireless revolution in this
chapter.
© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Communications

Computer communications is the process of

sharing data, programs, and information between
two or more computers
Numerous applications depend on communication
systems, including
Computing Essentials 2017

E-mail – sending and receiving electronic documents

Texting – short electronic messages
Video Conferencing – low cost alternative to long distance
Electronic commerce – buying and selling goods
electronically

© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Learning Objectives

At the end of the session, students should be able to:

1. Explain connectivity, the wireless revolution, and communication
systems.
2. Describe physical and wireless communications channels.
3. Differentiate between connection devices and services, including dial-up,
DSL, cable, satellite, and cellular.
4. Describe data transmission factors, including bandwidth and protocols.
Computing Essentials 2017

5. Define networks and key network terminology including network interface

cards and network operating systems.
6. Describe different types of networks, including local, home, wireless,
personal, metropolitan, and wide area networks.
7. Describe network architectures, including topologies and strategies.
8. Explain the organization issues related to Internet technologies and
network security.

© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Connectivity

 Connectivity uses computer networks to link

people and resources
 Connects your personal computer to other
computers and resources on a network and the
Internet
 The Wireless Revolution
 Single most dramatic change in connectivity in
the past decade
Computing Essentials 2017

 Allows connectivity with anyone from almost

anywhere at any time
• Use of mobile or wireless devices like
smartphones and tablet PCs
• The revolution is the support of more than just
the wireless telephone. Today’s mobile devices
support e-mail, web access and other internet
applications
• Many devices can and will connect to one
another without any physical connection The Revolution is just beginning

© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Communication Systems

Communication systems are electronic systems that

transmit data from one location to another
Communication systems can be wired or wireless
Computing Essentials 2017

© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Basic Elements of Communication

Four basic elements of communication systems

1. Sending and receiving devices
Computer or a specialized communication device
2. Connection devices
Interface between sending and receiving device
Computing Essentials 2017

3. Data transmission specifications

Rules and procedures that coordinate the devices
4. Communication channel
Carries the message

© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Learning Objectives

At the end of the session, students should be able to:

1. Explain connectivity, the wireless revolution, and communication
systems.
2. Describe physical and wireless communications channels.
3. Differentiate between connection devices and services, including dial-
up, DSL, cable, satellite, and cellular.
4. Describe data transmission factors, including bandwidth and protocols.
Computing Essentials 2017

5. Define networks and key network terminology including network

interface cards and network operating systems.
6. Describe different types of networks, including local, home, wireless,
personal, metropolitan, and wide area networks.
7. Describe network architectures, including topologies and strategies.
8. Explain the organization issues related to Internet technologies and
network security.

© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Communication Channels

Communication channels carry the data from

one computer to another; essential element of
every communication system
Two categories of communication channels
i. Physical Connections using wire or cable
Computing Essentials 2017

ii. Wireless Connections

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Physical Connections

Physical connection between sending and

receiving device include
i. Twisted pair cable: two pairs of copper
wire twisted together
Telephone lines
Ethernet cables
Computing Essentials 2017

ii. Coaxial cable: single solid copper core

Cable TV
iii. Fiber-optic cable: tiny glass tubes
Faster and more reliable than coax
Rapidly twisted pair

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Wireless Connections

Wireless connections do not use a solid

substance to connect
uses the air itself.
Most use radio waves to communicate
Computing Essentials 2017

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Primary Wireless Technology

Bluetooth (short-range) Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) Microwave WiMax (extends Wi-Fi)

• short range radio communication • wireless Fidelity • Uses high frequency radio • New standard that uses
standard, 33 ft, wireless headsets,
printer connections, hand held communicates over short wave signals microwave to extend WiFi
devices distances. range
• Radio communication standard • Uses high frequency radio
Computing Essentials 2017

Cellular Satellite Infrared GPS (Global

• Use infrared light wants to
• Use multiple antennae to • Uses satellites as microwave relay
communication over short distances Positioning system)
stations
communication • Uplink (key term) sending data
• Sometimes called line of sight • Determine geographic
communications
to a satellite • Sending and receiving devices must location of the devices
• Downlink (key term) receiving be in clear view of one another
data from a satellite

© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Learning Objectives

At the end of the session, students should be able to:

1. Explain connectivity, the wireless revolution, and communication
systems.
2. Describe physical and wireless communications channels.
3. Differentiate between connection devices and services, including
dial-up, DSL, cable, satellite, and cellular.
4. Describe data transmission factors, including bandwidth and protocols.
Computing Essentials 2017

5. Define networks and key network terminology including network interface

cards and network operating systems.
6. Describe different types of networks, including local, home, wireless,
personal, metropolitan, and wide area networks.
7. Describe network architectures, including topologies and strategies.
8. Explain the organization issues related to Internet technologies and
network security.

© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Connection Devices

Devices need to convert digital signal to analog

i. Modem – modulator-demodulator
Modulation is the process of converting from digital
to analog
Demodulation is the process of converting from
Computing Essentials 2017

analog to digital
ii. Transfer rate
Speed in which modems transfer data
Usually measured in megabits per second (Mbps)

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Types of Modems

Types of Modems
i. Digital subscriber line (DSL)
uses standard phone lines to
create a high speed connect.
high speed telephone lines
ASDL (asymmetric digital
Computing Essentials 2017

subscriber line) - one of the

most widely used types of DSL
ii. Cable
Uses coaxial cable
iii. Wireless
Also known as WWAN

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Connection Device Signals

• Types of signals
• Analog – telephone signals;
continuous electronic wave
• Digital – computer signals;
presence or absence of an
electronic pulse; on/off
Computing Essentials 2017

• Transfer rates – the speed

in which modems transmit
data
• Mbps – million bits per second
• Gbps – billion bits per second
• Tbps – trillion bits per second

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Connection Services - Corporations

Leased lines
T1 combined to form T3 and DS3
do not require conventional modems and provide very high
capacity and is expensive.
Have been replaced by OC lines
Computing Essentials 2017

Faster optical carrier lines

Higher capacity
Not affordable for individuals

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Connection Services - Individuals

i. Digital subscriber line (DSL)

• Dial up • uses existing telephone lines to provide

high-speed connections; uses DSL
modems,
• original service using • ADSL is most widely used type of DSL.
existing telephones and Replaced dial-up services
ii. Cable
telephone modems to • Uses existing TV cable
•
connect to the Internet. iii.
Faster than DSL
Computing Essentials 2017

Satellite connection services

• has been replaced by • two-way satellites capable of handling
both uploading and downloading
higher-speed connection • available almost anywhere but slower
than DSL
services including DSL, iv. Cellular Services
cable, satellite, and • option for mobile devices and laptops using
3G and 4G cellular network connectivity
cellular services. v. Fiber Optic Service (FiOS)
• New technology
• Google and Verizon

© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Learning Objectives

At the end of the session, students should be able to:

1. Explain connectivity, the wireless revolution, and communication systems.
2. Describe physical and wireless communications channels.
3. Differentiate between connection devices and services, including dial-up,
DSL, cable, satellite, and cellular.
4. Describe data transmission factors, including bandwidth and
protocols.
Computing Essentials 2017

5. Define networks and key network terminology including network interface

cards and network operating systems.
6. Describe different types of networks, including local, home, wireless,
personal, metropolitan, and wide area networks.
7. Describe network architectures, including topologies and strategies.
8. Explain the organization issues related to Internet technologies and
network security.

© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Data Transmission

Factors that affect data transmission include bandwidth and protocols.

Bandwidth is how much information can move across the communication
channel in a given amount of time
 Measurement of the width or capacity of the communication channel
 Categories of bandwidth
i. Voiceband (or low bandwidth) – also known as low bandwidth; standard phone
line; too slow for many types of transmissions – especially high-quality video;
Computing Essentials 2017

typical speeds are 56 to 96 kbps

ii. Medium band – with special leased lines to connect minicomputers and
mainframes as well as to transmit data over long distances (for larger computer
systems); not typically used by individuals
iii. Broadband - used for high-capacity transmissions (DSL, cable, satellite
connections); specialized high-speed devices; effectively transmits high-quality
video and other communication needs; typically 1.5 mbps; higher speeds possible
 Broadband for DSL, cable, satellite connections to the Internet
 Baseband for individual connections for computers in close range

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Making IT Work for You ~ Mobile
Internet
Have an “always-on” connection to access e-mail, websites,
cloud services, and apps.
Devices that can keep you always connected
Computing Essentials 2017

© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Protocols

Protocols are communication rules for

exchanging data between computers
Types:
1. HTTPS – Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure
Computing Essentials 2017

Widely used to protect the transfer of sensitive

data

2. TCP/IP (Transmission control

protocol/Internet protocol)

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Protocols

1. TCP/IP (Transmission control protocol/Internet

protocol)
• Each computer is identified with unique IP
(Internet Protocol) address
• Essential features of protocol
i. Identification - Identifying sending and
receiving devices. Every computer on the
Internet has a unique numeric address
called an IP Address, Internet Protocol
Computing Essentials 2017

address (key term)

ii. Domain Name Server (DNS) converts
text-based addresses to IP addresses
iii. Packetization – allows message to be
broken into small parts called packets so
easier to transmit over Internet through
various interconnected networks; allows
message to be reassembled at destination
• Most widely used protocol

© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Learning Objectives

At the end of the session, students should be able to:

1. Explain connectivity, the wireless revolution, and communication
systems.
2. Describe physical and wireless communications channels.
3. Differentiate between connection devices and services, including dial-up,
DSL, cable, satellite, and cellular.
4. Describe data transmission factors, including bandwidth and protocols.
Computing Essentials 2017

5. Define networks and key network terminology including network

interface cards and network operating systems.
6. Describe different types of networks, including local, home, wireless,
personal, metropolitan, and wide area networks.
7. Describe network architectures, including topologies and strategies.
8. Explain the organization issues related to Internet technologies and
network security.

© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Networks

A communication system
that connects two or more
computers so they can
exchange information and
share resources
Computing Essentials 2017

© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Specialized Terms in a Network
i. Nodes
Any device connected to a network
ii. Client
 A node that requests and uses resources from other nodes
iii. Server
 A node that shares resources with other nodes
iv. Directory Server
 Specialized server that managers resources
v. Host
 Computer system that can be accessed over a network
Computing Essentials 2017

vi. Router
 Node that forwards or routes data packets
vii. Switch
 Central node that coordinates the flow of data
viii. Network Interface Cards (NIC)
 Expansion card that connects a computer to a network
ix. Network Operating System
 Control activities of all computers on the network
x. Network Administrator
 Computer specialists responsible for network operations

© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Learning Objectives

At the end of the session, students should be able to:

1. Explain connectivity, the wireless revolution, and communication
systems.
2. Describe physical and wireless communications channels.
3. Differentiate between connection devices and services, including dial-
up, DSL, cable, satellite, and cellular.
4. Describe data transmission factors, including bandwidth and protocols.
Computing Essentials 2017

5. Define networks and key network terminology including network

interface cards and network operating systems.
6. Describe different types of networks, including local, home,
wireless, personal, metropolitan, and wide area networks.
7. Describe network architectures, including topologies and strategies.
8. Explain the organization issues related to Internet technologies and
network security.

© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Network Types

 Communications networks differ in geographical size.

 Three important types are:
1. Local area networks - LANs
 Computers and devices linked in distances of less than a mile
 Linked by cable.
 Benefits are for economy and flexibility. With network gateways, LANs can be connected to other LANs or any other type of
network. Ethernet is one standard for connecting network nodes together.
2. Home Networks
 LANs are now being commonly used by individuals in home/apartments; allow different computers to share resources including
a common Internet connection; can be connected by various means including a wireless LAN (WLAN)
3. Wireless LAN
Computing Essentials 2017

 wireless local area network

 All communications pass through the network’s centrally located wireless access point or base station
 Hotspot is a wireless access point that is open to the public
4. Personal Area networks
• works within a very small area
• Connects cell phones to headsets, PDAs to other PDAs, keyboards to cell phones, etc.
5. MANs (metropolitan area network)
• span distances up to 100 miles
• Network linking nodes and resources within the geographical bounds of a city
6. WANs (wide area networks)
• Countrywide and worldwide networks
• Use microwave relays and satellites to reach users
• Internet is the widest WAN

© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Network Types
Computing Essentials 2017

© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Learning Objectives

At the end of the session, students should be able to:

1. Explain connectivity, the wireless revolution, and communication systems.
2. Describe physical and wireless communications channels.
3. Differentiate between connection devices and services, including dial-up,
DSL, cable, satellite, and cellular.
4. Describe data transmission factors, including bandwidth and protocols.
5. Define networks and key network terminology including network interface
Computing Essentials 2017

cards and network operating systems.

6. Describe different types of networks, including local, home, wireless,
personal, metropolitan, and wide area networks.
7. Describe network architectures, including topologies and
strategies.
8. Explain the organization issues related to Internet technologies and
network security.

© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Network Architecture

How the network is arranged and resources are

shared
1. Network Topology
Physical arrangement of the network
• Bus network
Computing Essentials 2017

• Ring Network
• Star Network

2. Network Strategy
How the information and resources are shared

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Ring Network

• Topology where each

device connected directly
to a central network
switch.
• Each device is connected
Computing Essentials 2017

to two other devices

forming a ring
• When a message is sent it
passes through each device
until it reaches its
destination

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Star Network

• Topology where each device

connected directly to a central
network switch.
• All communications pass through
the switch; each connecting
device is asked (“polled”)
Computing Essentials 2017

whether it has a message to

send and then each device is in
turn allowed to send its message
• The switch sends the message to
the intended recipient.
• Most widely used network
topography today

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Tree Network

• Topology where each device

connected to a central node
either directly or through
subordinate nodes
• Also called hierarchical
Computing Essentials 2017

• The central node is

connected to two or more
subordinate nodes that in
turn are connected to other
subordinate nodes
• Useful in centralized
organization

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Mesh Network

Topology that does not use a

specific physical layout, but
requires that each node have
more than one connection to
other nodes
If a path between two nodes is
Computing Essentials 2017

disrupted, data can be rerouted

around the failure using another
path.
Wireless technologies are
frequently used to build mesh
networks.

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Network Strategies

 Client/Server Network
• Central computers coordinate and supply services to other nodes on the
network
• Server provides access
 Advantages:
• handle large networks efficiently
• availability of powerful network management software to monitor and control
network activities
 Disadvantages
Computing Essentials 2017

• Cost of installation and maintenance

 Commonly used server operating systems:
• Windows Server
• Mac OS X Server
• Linux
• Solaris
 Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Network
• All nodes have equal authority
• Can act as both client and server
• BitTorrent – file sharing software
• Lack of security
© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Learning Objectives

At the end of the session, students should be able to:

1. Explain connectivity, the wireless revolution, and communication
systems.
2. Describe physical and wireless communications channels.
3. Differentiate between connection devices and services, including dial-
up, DSL, cable, satellite, and cellular.
4. Describe data transmission factors, including bandwidth and protocols.
Computing Essentials 2017

5. Define networks and key network terminology including network

interface cards and network operating systems.
6. Describe different types of networks, including local, home, wireless,
personal, metropolitan, and wide area networks.
7. Describe network architectures, including topologies and strategies.
8. Explain the organization issues related to Internet technologies
and network security.

© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Organizational Networks

Internet technologies support effective

communication within and between organizations
Intranet
Private network within an organization
Works like the Internet
Computing Essentials 2017

Extranet
Private network that connects more than one organization
Works like the Internet, but provides suppliers and other
trusted partners with limited access to the organization’s
networks

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Network Security

Commonly used technologies to ensure network

security
1. Firewall
Hardware and software that controls access to network
Proxy server provides pass-through access
Computing Essentials 2017

Protects against external threats

2. Intrusion detection system (IDS)
Works with firewall to protect organization's network
Analyzes all incoming and outgoing network traffic
3. Virtual private network (VPN)
Creates a secure private network connection between your
computer and the organization
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Intranet, Extranet, Firewall, Proxy
Server
Computing Essentials 2017

© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Careers In IT

Network Administrator
Manages a company’s LAN and WAN networks
Maintains networking hardware and software,
diagnosing and repairing problems that arise
Candidates usually have
a bachelor’s or associate’s degree in
Computing Essentials 2017

computer science, computer technology or

information systems
Practical networking experience
Annual salary is typically
between $47,000 and
$64,000

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 A Look to the Future ~ Telepresence

Seeks to create the

illusion that you are
actually at a remote
location
Early
implementations
Computing Essentials 2017

mainly focus on an
extension of video-
conferencing

© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
posted on a website, in whole or part.