Chapter 2

Chapter 2
Computer Network Technology

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© Mani Subramanian 2000
 Chapter 2

Technology and Management

• What are the technologies that need to be managed?

• Challenges of technological progress on
network management

Notes

Network Management: Principles and Practice 2-2

© Mani Subramanian 2000
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Computer Network Technology

• Network comprises
• Nodes
• Links
• Topology: How they’re configured
• LAN
• WAN

Notes
• Distinction between LAN and WAN

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LANs
•Type of LANs
• Ethernet
• Fast Ethernet
• Gigabit Ethernet
• Half-duplex Vs Full-duplex
• Switched Ethernet
• VLAN
• Token ring
• FDDI
• ATM / LANE

Notes

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Nodes
• Hubs
• Bridges
• Remote bridges
• Routers
• Gateways
• Half bridge / half router
• Switches

Notes

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WANs
• Facilities / Media
• Wired
• Copper
• Coaxial
• Fiber
• Wireless
• Terrestrial
• Satellite
• Mode
• Digital
• Analog
• Services
• POTS
• ISDN
• Broadband

Notes

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Basic LAN Topologies

DTE DTE DTE

Ethernet

DTE DTE

Figure 2.1(a) Bus Topology

DTE

DTE DTE

DTE

Figure 2.1(b) Ring Topology

Notes
• Bus topology
• Used in Ethernet LAN family
• Common shared medium
• Randomized access (CSMA/CD)
• Easy to implement
• Lower utilization under heavy traffic 30%-40%
• Single culprit could effect the entire LAN

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Basic LAN Topologies

DTE DTE DTE

Ethernet

DTE DTE

Figure 2.1(a) Bus Topology

DTE

DTE DTE

DTE

Figure 2.1(b) Ring Topology

Notes
• Ring Topology
• Used in token ring and FDDI
• Shared medium
• Deterministic access
• Master DTE has control
• High utilization >90%

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Star & Hybrid LAN Topologies

DTE DTE

DTE DTE

DTE DTE

Figure 2.1(c) Star Topology

DTE DTE

DTE DTE DTE DTE

DTE DTE

Ethernet Hub Token Ring Hub

Figure 2.1(d) Hub Configurations

Notes
• Star topology used with bus and ring topology
• Hub is “LAN in a box”
• What does the electronic LAN inside the box
look like?
• Why has hub become so popular?

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A Campus Network

10.1.1.2 10.1.1.3 10.1.1.4 10.1.1.5

Ethernet 10.1.1.0

10.1.1.1

Bridge
10.1.2.6
Ethernet 10.1.2.0

10.1.2.2 10.1.2.3 10.1.2.4 10.1.2.5

10.1.2.1
External
Router Router Network
Ethernet 10.3.1.0

Half-Router
Half-Router

Router

FDDI Ring Token-ring

10.10.0.0 10.2.1.0

Router

ATM ELAN 10.4.1.0

Figure 2.3 Campus Network of LANs

Notes
• ATM VLAN an alternative to FDDI backbone

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WAN Topologies
N1
N2

N5 N6 N2 N3
N1 N3

N4
N4 N5 N6
Figure 2.2(a) Mesh Topology

Figure 2.2(b) Tree Topology

Notes
• Mesh topology
• Implemented in network layer level
• Multiple paths between nodes
• Flat topology
• Redundancy
• Load balancing
• Shortest path
• Tree topology
• Used with Ethernet bridges
• Hierarchical
• Efficient for small networks and
special purpose networks
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Ethernet
Table 2.1 Ethernet LAN Topology Limits

TYPE DESCRIPTION SEGMENT LENGTH DROP CABLE

10Base2 Thin coax (0.25”) 200 meters Not allowed

10Base5 Thick Coax (0.5”) 500 meters Twisted pair: 50 meters
10Base-T Hub topology N/A Twisted pair: 100
meters
10Base-F Hub topology N/A 2 km

Notes
• IEEE 802.3 standard
• 10 Mbps data rate
• Collision - analogy of hollow pipe
• Principle of operation; CSMA/CD
• Segment length and drop cable length
• Minimum size of packet 64 bytes
• Maximum size of packet 1500 bytes
• Bus configuration

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Fast Ethernet

Network

LLC
Data Link
MAC Sublayer

Convergence Layer
Physical
PMD Sublayer
LLC Logical Link control
MAC Medium Access Control
PMD Physical Medium Dependent

Figure 2.4 100Base-T Fast Ethernet Protocol Architecture

4-pair UTP
Hub Station

Notes
• Rationale
• Max drop length 100m => Max round-trip
time 1/10 of Ethernet; hence 10 times data rate
• Standard 100Base-T4
• Compatibility with 10BaseT
• UTP limitation; Use 4-pair UTP @ 25 Mbps/pair
• Alternatives: 2-pair 100BaseTX Cat 5(Max 100 m)
and 100Base FX optical fiber (Max 2 km)

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Gigbit Ethernet
Table 2.2 Gigabit Ethernet Topology Limits

9 50 50 micron 62.5 Balance UTP

micron micron Multimode micron Shielded
Single- Single Multimode Cable
Mode Mode
1000BASE-LX 10 km 3 km 550 m 440 m - -
1000BASE-SX - 550 m 260 m - -
1000BASE-CX - - - 25 m -
1000BASE-T - - - - 100 m

Notes
• Packet size 512 bytes, slot size 4.096 microseconds
• Minimum frame size 64 bytes for backward
compatibility; Slot filled with carrier extension
• Packet bursts with no idle time between frames
increases efficiency

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Switched Ethernet
DTE DTE

DTE DTE
Switched
hub
DTE DTE

DTE DTE

Figure 2.8 Switched Ethernet Hub

Notes
• Maximum throughput increased ~N/2 in N-port hub
• Snooping capability lost for management

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Client/Server Configuration using

Switched Hub

Server

100 Mbps

10 Mbps 10 Mbps

Switched hub

10 Mbps

Workstation Workstation Workstation

Figure 2.9 Switched Hub in Client-Server Configuration

Notes

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Virtual LAN

DTE 1

DTE 2

Router
Switched Hub DTE 3

Port for Subnets

200.100.150.1 DTE 4
&
200.100.160.1 DTE 5
VLAN VLAN
200.100.150.1 200.100.160.1

Figure 2.10 Virtual LANs

Notes
• Switched hub enables establishing virtual LANs
• Permits switching stations between LANs without
physical moving of equipment
• Walk through scenario

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Token Ring
DTE 4
3 to 1 ACK

Token
DTE 1 DTE 3
Ring
DTE 1 has
token control

1 to 3 MSG
DTE 2

Figure 2.11 Token Ring LAN

Notes
• Adopted by IBM
• IEEE 802.5 standard
• Data rates of 4Mbps and 16 Mbps
• Single and dual ring LANs

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Dual Ring TR LAN

DTE 4 Primary
Ring

Redundant
DTE 1 DTE 3
Ring

DTE 2

Figure 2.12(a) Token Ring Dual Ring Management

Notes

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 Chapter 2

Failure Recovery in TR LAN

DTE 4

DTE 1 DTE 3

Failed Station

DTE 2

Figure 2.12(b) Token Ring DTE Isolation

DTE 4

DTE 1 DTE 3

DTE 2

Figure 2.12(c) Token Ring Segment Isolation

Notes
• Station failure recovery
• Link failure recovery

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FDDI
DAS

SAS SAS

DAS

SAS Single Attached Station

DAS Dual Attached Station

Figure 2.13(a) Dual Ring FDDI Network Configuration

Notes
• Uses fiber optics medium
• Modified token ring protocol
• Data rate 100 Mbps
• Segment length 100 km
• 500 stations in the ring with max separation of 2 km
• Single and dual attached stations
• Dual attached stations load share the two rings

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Basic Network Nodes

ATM ATM

ATM Switch
Figure 2.14(a) Switch

Local LAN External LAN

Ethernet Filter Routing Ethernet
Packets Packets
Bridge

Figure 2.14(b) Bridge

Local Network External Network

Filter Routing
IP Packets IP Packets
Router

Figure 2.14(c) Router

IP X.25
Network Format Network
Packets change Packets
Gateway

Figure 2.14(d) Router

Figure 2.14 Basic Network Node Components

Notes

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© Mani Subramanian 2000
 Chapter 2

Network Node Components

Dial-up Half External
Router Gateway
Network Router Network

Switched ATM
Hub
Hub Switch
Bridge

External Remote
Workstation Hub Router Hub
Network Bridge

Figure 2.15 Networked Components

Notes
• Hubs
• Bridges
• Remote bridges
• Routers
• Gateways
• Half bridge / half router
• Switches

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Hubs
DTE DTE DTE DTE

Patch Panel

Hub

Wiring Closet

Figure 2.16(a) Hub Configuration

Notes
• Hub is a platform
• Function dependent on what is housed
• LAN
• Switched LAN
• Bridge

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Stacked Hubs

Hub 1

To DTEs
Backplane
Interconnection

Hub 2

Figure 2.16(b) Stacked Hub

Notes
• Hub ports can be scaled up using stacked hubs
• Stacked hub
• extend back plane
• connected as daisy chain

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Bridges

Bridge

Local Bridge Remote Bridge

Simple

Multiport
Multiport
Multi-protocol

Notes
• Bridges two nodes at data link control layer
• Ethernet: tree topology, transparent bridge
• Token ring:mesh topology, source routing bridge
• Remote bridge uses WAN interface cards;
same protocol used at both ends
• Ethernet bridge is a learning bridge

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Routers
Network A Network B
Router
Protocol P Protocol P

Router

TP Protocol interface TP

NP NP NP NP

DP DP DP' DP'

Phy Phy Phy' Phy'

Physical medium A Physical medium B

Figure 2.21 Router Configuration

Notes
• Routers operate at network layer
• Routes packets between nodes of similar
network protocols
• Routing table used to route packets
• DLC and Physical layers could be different
under the same common network layer protocol

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Gateway
Network A Network B
Gateway
Protocol P Protocol Q

Gateway

TP Protocol interface TP

NP NP NP' NP'

DP DP DP' DP'

Phy Phy Phy' Phy'

Physical medium

Figure 2.22 Gateway Configuration

Notes
• Gateway is router connecting two networks with
dissimilar network protocols
• Gateway does the protocol conversion at the
network layer
• Protocol converter does the conversion at the
application layer

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 Chapter 2

Tunneling
X.25
Ethernet

Ethernet
IP Tunnel IP
Multiprotocol Multiprotocol
Router Router

Figure 2.24 Tunneling Using Multiprotocol Routers

Joe’s Mobile
Loc: Seattle
Home LAN
Tunneling Foreign NY
Agent
Sally
L.A

Notes
• Tunneling is transmission of packets (via
multiprotocol routers) by encapsulation
• In Figure 2.24, packets are encapsulated and
transmitted through X.25 network in a serial
mode
• In the mobile environment, Joe and his home agent
in NY communicate Joe’s Seattle location to the
foreign agent. His communication with Sally in
LA is tunneled
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Half-Bridge

Serial
Output

Ethernet
Router PPP/MP Bridge

Figure 2.25 Half-Bridge Configuration

Notes
• Half-bridge (also referred to as half-router) is
point-to-point communication
• Uses PPP protocol
• Helps low-end users to communicate with ISP
on dial-up link saving the expense of dedicated link
• Router encapsulates packets in PPP frames and
puts serial outputs to the bridge, and vice-versa

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 Chapter 2

Switched Networks
Pkt3 Pkt2 Pkt3 Pkt1
Pkt3 Pkt2 Pkt1 Pkt1 B

Pkt2
Pkt2
DTE A A D DTE Z

Pkt2

Figure 2.26(a) Datagram Configuration

Pkt1
Pkt2 Pkt3 Pkt2 Pkt1
Pkt3 Pkt2 Pkt1 B
Pkt3

DTE A A D DTE Z

Figure 2.26(b) Virtual Circuit Configuration

Notes
• Switches are embedded in bridges and routers
• Switched network used in WAN
• Two types of switched networks
• Circuit-switched
• Packet-switched
• Datagram service
• Virtual circuit
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Transmission Technology
Transmission Technology

Medium Mode

Wired Wireless Digital Analog

LAN WAN LAN Mobile Satellite

Notes
• Physical transport media
• UTP
• Coax
• Fiber
• Terrestrial wireless
• Satellite transmission

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