(ELECTRICAL

MACHINES)
MOTOR, GENERATORS AND
TRANSFORMERS
• GROUP MEMBERS
[PRESENTATORS]
• INTRODUCTION [GOURAV
DHIMAN]
• TRANSFORMER [SACHIN SUMAN
AND ARYAN THAKUR]
• DC GENERATOR AND MOTOR
[PRIYANSHU THAKUR AND LAVISH
RATHOUR]
CONTENT

Principle
Need Of Transform
Of Induction
Transform Definition er
Transform Law
er Equation
er
Classificati Applicatio
Equivalent
on Of EMF Phasor n Of
circuit and
Transform Equation Diagrams Transform
problems
er er
CONTENT

ELECTRICAL CLASSIFICATI
MACHINE ELECTRICAL ON OF
DC MOTOR PRINCIPLE
AND ITS MOTOR ELECTRIC
TYPES MOTOR

SPEED
CONSTRUCTI ENERGY TORQUE
EFFICIENCY APPLICATION
ON TRANSFER RELATIONSHI
P
CONTENT

01 02 03 04 05
DC PRINCIPLE REVERSAL EMF APPLICATI
GENERATO OF EQUATION ON
R ENERGY
TRANSFER
NEED OF TRANSFORMERS
• In most cases appliances to
manufacture to work under some
special voltages. Transformers are used
to adjust the voltages to a proper
level.
• A transformer is a device used in the
power transmission of electric energy.
• Transformer is used to increase the
voltage of the power generation
station [step up] and used to decrease
the voltage [step down] for household
purpose.
• By increasing the voltages the loss of
the electricity in the transmission
TRANSFORMER
•Transformer is a static device.
•It converts electrical power from one
circuit to another circuit without
changing the frequency.
•A transfer which increases the
voltages is
called step up transformer.
•A transformer which
decreases voltages is called as step
down transformer.
PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMER

•Transformer works on the

principle of mutual induction
of two coils. When in the
primary coil is changed the
flux linked to the secondary
coil also changes.
Consequently an EMF is
induced in the secondary coil
 WHAT IS •
INDUCTIO
N LAW ??
TRANSFORM
ER
EQUATION
CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMER

• TWO BASIC PARTS:

*MAGNETIC CORE
• Core provide path for magnetic flux.
• Two losses occur in the core. Hystersis loss and Eddy current( Magnetic and Current
losses )
• Generally core is made up of high grade silicon steel (Magnetic material with high
permeability)
earlier core is made up of iron . In order to minimize Hystersis losses.
• Core is made up of laminations , to minimize Eddy current losses.
*WINDINGS OR COILS

• PRIMARY WINDING : The winding that takes electrical power and produce
magnetic flux when it is connected to an electrical source.
• SECONDARY WINDING : The winding that provide the desired output voltage
due to mutual induction in the transformer.
• Electric current passes through windings.
• Windings are made up of copper and are wound on the limbs of magnetic core
• Windings are insulated from each other
• Windings are subjected to I2R losses which are also called as copper losses.
PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER ON NO LOAD
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF
NO LOAD TRANSFORMER
PRACTICAL
TRANSFORM
ER ON
LOAD
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF A
ON LOAD TRANSFORMER
 (ON THE BASIS OF
WINDINGS )
STEP UP
TRANSFORMER

THE NUMBER OF PRIMARY

SIDE WINDING ARE LESS
THAN THE NUMBER OF
WINDINGS OF THE
SECONDARY NP<NS
 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

•The number of
primary side windings
are more than the
number of winding of
the secondary winding
Np>Ns
(ON THE BASIS OF CONSTRUCTION)

CORE TYPE TRANSFORMER

• In the core type the primary and

secondary windings are placed on each side
of the core.
• The core type has two limbs.
 • Shell type transformer has three
limbs and two windows.
SHELL TYPE
TRANSFOR • Both the windings
are connected or wounded on
MER
the central limb (one over
another )
PHASE
PHASOR DIAGRAM
S
PHASORS
AT
ONLOAD
TRANSFORMER PHASOR DIAGRAM AT ON
LOAD

For convenience let us assume an equal number of

that 𝐸1 = 𝐸2 . Both 𝐸1 and 𝐸2 lag the flux by 90o as

turns on the primary and secondary windings, so

shown in fig and 𝑉̀ 1 represents the voltage applied

to the primary to neutralized the induced e.m.f 𝐸1 ,
and is therefore equal and opposite to the latter. The
general case of a load having a lagging P.f by 45o
PHASORS
AT
NO LOAD
TRANSFORMER
PHASOR DIAGRAM
AT NO LOAD
• The magnetic flux o being
common to both the primary
and secondary, is drawn first.
The induced emfs E and E, lag o
by 90 and are shown in figure.
The voltage -E is being replaced
by Vi just for convenience. Al
ternatively Vi may be treated as
a voltage drop in the primary, in
the direction of flow of primary
current.
EMF EQUATION
TRANSFORMER
LOSES
TRANSFORMER LOSES

• Since transformer is a static device, it has no rotational

losses
• The losses are:

1. Copper loss
2. Iron loss
APPLICATIONS OF THE TRANSFORMER

• Transmitting electrical energy over long distances through

wires.
• Transformers with several secondary's are used in television
and radio receiver where different voltages are regulator.
• Used as voltage regulator.
• Used almost every where in day to day life.
WHAT IS ELECTRICAL MACHINE..?

• An Electrical machine is a type of machine which covert energy

from one form to another form.
• If it convert mechanical energy into electrical energy‚ then it is
called as Generator.
• And‚ on the other hand if It covert electrical energy to
mechanical energy then it is called as Motor.

Now in this presentation we will discuss about Electrical Motor

and Generator.
ELECTRICAL MOTOR:
• An Electrical Motor is device that changes a
form of energy into mechanical energy to
produce motion.
• An electric motor is an electrical machine
that converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy. Most electric motors
operate through the interaction between the
motor’s magnetic field and electric current
in a wire winding to generate force in the
form of torque applied on the motor’s shaft.
DIAGRAMATICAL REPRESENTATION OF
MOTOR
• CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL MOTOR

In this presentation we will discuess about Dc Motor.

• DC MOTOR

The direct current motors simply means a motor that uses

direct current which convert electrical energy into mechanical
energy. We can use the direct current motors in our power
tools, our toy car, and even in our cooling fans. DC motors are
very popular in automatic machines because of:

Fast reaction

Better speed control

• Simple construction
• When a DC voltage is given to the input terminals of the DC Motor. The voltage pushes
the dc current to flow in the winding of dc motor. The winding create their own magnetic
field, due to interaction of these magnetic fields and electromagnetic torque acts on the
rotor and rotor rotates, in this way the given electrical energy is converted into
mechanical energy. Dc motors are used in Cranes, Hair Driers, Elevator, Lifts and
aircompressor.

• TYPES OF DC MOTOR
• Series DC Motor
• Permanent Magnet DC Motor
• Shunt/Parallel DC Motor
• Compound DC Motor

WORKING PRINCIPLE :
CONSTRUCTION OF DC MOTOR:
DC MOTOR CONSISTS OF:
YOKE
POLE CORE AND POLE SHOE
POLE COIL (FIELD BINDING)
ARMATURE
COMMUTATOR
BRUSHES
BEARING
SHAFT
YOKE

• Yoke is also called as frame.

• Its work like a basic construction foundation for Dc Motor.
• Made up of Cast Iron [IN CASE OF SMALL MACHINE]
• Made up of Cast Steel [IN CASE OF HEAVY MACHINE]
MAIN FUNCTION OF YOKE:
To provide mechanical support to pole, Terminal box, Hanging rocks.
To act as a protective cover for whole dc machine.
To carry magnetic flux produced by the field binding.
To support armature and armature binding.
POLE SHOE AND POLE CORE

Made up of cast iron or cast steel.

For small machine, the poles are cast with the yoke.
And for large machine they are screwed the yoke.
Pole shoe is laminated
Its main function is to support pole coil and to spread the flux
in the air gap.
POLE CORE

• Also called as field winding

• It consist of copper wire usually former wound and placed
over the coil
• When current is passed through these coils, they
electromagnetize the pole which produce the necessary flux
that is cut by revolving armature conductor
ARMATURE

• The armature is a cylindrical drum consisting of thin circular stamping of

silicon steel
• These discs or stampings are insulated from one another
• The thickness of these stamping varies from 0.35mm to 0.5mm
• This is done to reduce eddy current loss
• The purpose of armature is to
(a) house the armature conductors
(b) rotate them in the magnetic field
(c) provide a very low reluctance path
ARMATURE

•Diagramatically
representation
ARMATURE CONSIST OF

• Armature winding – made up of copper wire and

wound over the armature core
• Slot - use to carry winding
• Armature core – made up of high permeability,
thin silicon content steel lamination
COMMUTATOR

• Physical connection to the armature winding is made through a

commutator-brush arrangement.
• The function of a commutator, in a dc generator, is to collect the current
generated in armature conductors.
• Whereas, in case of a dc motor, commutator helps in providing current to
the armature conductors.
• A commutator consists of a set of copper segments which are insulated
from each other
• It is mounted on shaft and made up of hard drone copper
• Inshort it collect current from armature conductor and supply it to the
stationary part of motor
BRUSHES

• Made up of graphite and carbon material

• Its main function to collect from moving commutator
• It also helps to make a contact with the rotating rings so that
current can be supplied to the coil.
SHAFT

The shaft in a motor is a cylindrical

component that extrudes out from the
motor and its housing.
The purpose of the shaft is to convert
energy from the motor into the end
use application. Precision pins and
shafts operate as a function of speed
vs torque.
WORKING
• An electric motor is an electrical machine which converts
electrical energy into mechanical energy. The basic working
principle of a DC motor is: "whenever a current carrying
conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a
mechanical force". The direction of this force is given by
Fleming's left-hand rule and its magnitude is given by F =
BIL. Where, B = magnetic flux density, I = current and L =
length of the conductor within the magnetic field.
• Fleming's left hand rule: If we stretch the first finger,
second finger and thumb of our left hand to be perpendicular
to each other, and the direction of magnetic field is
represented by the first finger, direction of the current is
WORKING
Above animation helps in understanding Click icon to add picture
the working principle of a DC motor.
When armature windings are connected to a
DC supply, an electric current sets up in the
winding. Magnetic field may be provided by
field winding (electromagnetism) or by
using permanent magnets. In this case,
current carrying armature conductors
experience a force due to the magnetic
field, according to the principle stated
above
Commutator is made segmented to achieve
unidirectional torque. Otherwise, the
SPEED TORQUE
RELATIONSHIP
APPLICATIONS OF
DC MOTOR
 DC
GENERAT
OR
 DC GENERATOR
• It is a type of electrical machine which converts mechanical
energy into electrical energy
• An electromechanical energy conversion device known as a
DC generator uses electromagnetic principles to convert
mechanical power into DC electrical power. According to the
electromagnetic induction theory, an EMF is induced in a
conductor when the magnetic flux connecting them changes.
This is how a DC generator works. In a DC generator, there
are two windings: the field and the armature.
• The EMF made in the armature Winding of a DC generator is
rotating and is switched over completely to coordinate
voltage by a commutator introduced on the generator’s shaft.
A DC generator’s armature winding is on the rotor while the
PRINCIPLE
• DC generators generate electricity using the principle of Faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction. When a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic
field, an electromotive force gets induced within the conductor. This induced
e.m.f magnitude is measured using the equation of the electromotive force of a
generator.
• Types of DC generators
• DC generators are mainly categorised into three types based on the field
excitation methods. They are
• Permanent Magnet DC generator,
• Separately Excited DC generator, and
• Self-Excited DC generator.
 CONSTRUCTION OF A DC GENERATOR
•Components of DC Generator
•Yoke
•Magnetic Field System
•Armature Core
•Armature Winding
•Commutator
•DC Generator Commutator
Function
•Shaft
•Pole Shoe
•Poles
•Bearings
YOKE

The outside frame of a DC generator is a hollow cylinder made

of cast or rolled steel, known as a yoke. The yoke provides the
following two objectives.
• It supports the field pole core and serves as a protective
cover for the machine.
• It offers a channel for the magnetic flux produced by the field
coil.
 MAGNETIC FIELD SYSTEM

• The field arrangement of a DC generator features prominent

poles, such as poles that thrust inwards, and each pole core
has a post shoe with a curved surface. The shaft shoe has
two objectives.
• It provides support for the field coils.
• It lowers the reluctance of a magnetic circuit by expanding its
cross-sectional area.
• To prevent eddy current loss, the pole cores are constructed
of thin, insulated sheet steel laminations. The field coils are
linked in series to create alternating north and south poles in
the rotating direction as the current flows through them.
ARMATURE CORE

• The armature core of a DC generator is positioned on a shaft and pivots

between the field poles.
• It features slots on its exterior surface where the armature conductors are
installed.
• The armature core is made up of soft iron laminations that are isolated from
one another and securely Attached together.
• In big machines, the laminations are keyed, but in tiny machines, they are
keyed directly to the shaft.
• The laminated armature core helps to decrease eddy current losses.
ARMATURE WINDING

• The insulated conductors are inserted into the slots of the armature
core.
• The wires are properly connected.
• The linked arrangement of conductors is known as armature winding.
• There are two types of armature windings used:
• wave winding
• and lap winding
COMMUTATOR

• A commutator is a mechanical rectifier that converts the

alternating magnetic field of the armature winding into a
direct voltage that runs through the load terminals. The
commutator is constructed up of wedge-shaped copper
segments that are isolated from one another and the shaft by
mica sheets. Each commutator segment is connected to one
of the armature coil’s ends.
SHAFT

• The shaft is a key component of a DC machine because it produces

torque, which causes rotation.
• It is constructed of mild steel and has the highest breaking
strength.
• The shaft is a component of a DC generator that influences the
generator’s ability to transport mechanical energy.
• The shaft is keyed to the commutator, cooling fan, armature
center, and other spinning components.
 POLE SHOE
• A pole shoe is a plate composed of iron or steel that spreads magnetic
flux and prevents field coils from falling.

• Poles
• Poles help maintain the field windings in excellent shape. These
windings are generally coiled on poles and linked in a certain order to
the armature windings. As a result, the posts attach the welding
procedure to the yoke using screws.
BEARINGS

• Bearings are used in a system to ensure that the various parts of a

DC machine move smoothly.
• The friction between the machine’s spinning and stationary
elements is reduced with the aid of course.
• As a result, the system’s components require less frequent
greasing and will last longer.
• Roller bearings and ball bearings are the two most popular types of
bearings used in dc generators.
WORKING
• According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, we know that
when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field,
an emf is induced in the conductor. According to Fleming’s right-hand
rule, the direction of the induced current changes whenever the direction
of motion of the conductor changes. Let us consider an armature rotating
clockwise and a conductor at the left moving upwards. When the
armature completes a half rotation, the direction of the motion of the
conductor will be reversed downward. Hence, the direction of the current
in every armature will be alternating. But with a split ring commutator,
connections of the armature conductors get reversed when a current
reversal occurs. Therefore, we get a unidirectional current at the
terminals.
WORKING
• The copper winding placed at the pole of stator where we give dc to produce field
flux.
• We use electromagnet to produce field flux so we use external prime mover to
provide mechanical energy
• As prime mover we can use ( ic steam engines) and generator shaft is coupled with
engine shaft and by operates the ic engines we provide mechanical input in armature
• When armature rotate than armature conductor cuts the constant magnet fields .
• Here armature is rotating by prime mover that cuts the constant magnetic field
• So when emf induces in the armature conductor than ac current circulates and
commutator converts induce ac current in dc current
• And connected brushes collects the dc current and supply to the load
EMF EQUATION
APPLICATIONS OF
DC GENERATOR