BASIC

LIFE
SUPPORT
SUBTOPIC
7.1 First Aid
S: 7.1.1 CPR
7.1.2 Wounds
7.1.3 Nosebleed
7.1.4 Burns
7.1.5 Bandaging
7.1.6 Splinting
7.2 Emergency Rescue and Short Transfer
7.3 Initial Triage and Tagging
7.1 FIRST AID
-the process of offering
initial help to a person
who is injured or sick and
in need of immediate
medical assistance.
-“Always be
prepared”.
 OBJECTIVES:

2.
1. 3.
Prevent
Alleviate Prolong
added
suffering. the life.
injury.
ROLE & RESPONSIBILITIES:

• Bridge that fills the gap between the victim and the
physician.
• Ensure personal safety, patient & bystander.
• Gain access to the victim.
• Determine any threats to patient’s life.
• Summon more advanced medical care as needed.
• Provide needed are for the patient.
• Record all assessments & care.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
FIRST AIDERS:
• GENTLE – not to cause pain
• RESOURCEFUL – make the best use of things at hand
• OBSERVANT – notice all signs
• TACTFUL – not to alarm the victim
• EMPATHETIC – should be comforting
• RESPECTABLE – maintain a professional & caring
attitude
HINDRANCES IN GIVING
FIRST AID:
• Unfavorable
Surroundings
- Nighttime. Crowded city
streets, churches
• The presence of
Crowds
- Incorrect advice, heckle,
good examination is difficult
while a crowd looks on.
• Pressure from Victim
or Relatives
TRANSMISSION OF
DISEASES:
MODE OF
TRANSMISSION:

• Direct Transmission
• Indirect Transmission
-Airborne
-Vector
DISEASES THAT CAUSE CONCERN:

HERPES MENINGIT
DISEASES THAT CAUSE CONCERN:

TUBERCOLOSIS HEPATITIS
DISEASES THAT CAUSES
CONCERN:

HIV/AIDS SARS
DISEASES THAT CAUSES
CONCERN:

AVIAN FLU COVID

BODY SUBSTANCE ISOLATION (BSI)
-are precautions taken to isolate or prevent risk of
exposure from any other type of bodily substance.

Basic Precautions and Practices:

Equipment
Personal Protective
cleaning &
Hygiene Equipment
disinfecting
EMERGENCY ACTION
PRINCIPLES:
Survey the Scene
-Scene safety, type of accident, etc.
Activate Emergency Medical Assistance
-Call first / care first
Primary Survey Of The Victim
-Consciousness, airway, signs of life
Secondary Survey
-Interview, check the vital signs, head to toe exam
 7.1.1 CARDIO PULMONARY
RESUSCITATION
Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation - is a combination of
rescue breathing and external chest compressions for victim of
cardiac arrest.

cardio - it refers to the heart

pulmonary - lungs
resuscitation - revitalize or to revive.

Cardiac Arrest - is a condition in which circulation ceases

and vital organs are deprived of oxygen.
 CARDIO PULMONARY
RESUSCITATION
CPR may not save the victim even when performed properly, but if
started within 4 minutes of cardiac arrest and defibrillation is provided
within 10 minutes, a person has a 40% chance of survival.

ADULT – center of the chest, 2 heels of the hand, 1 ½ - 2 inches, ratio

30:2, 5 cycles in 2 minutes.

CHILD – center of the chest, 1 or 2 heels of the hand, 1 - 1 ½ inches,

ratio 30:2, 5 cycles in 2 minutes.

INFANT – 2 fingers below the nipple line, 2 finger tips, 1/3 – 1deep,
ratio 30:2, 5 cycles in 2 minutes.
THE 5 C'S IN NEW
NORMAL
1. CHECK
2. CALL
3. COVER
4. COMPRESS
5. CONNECT
 7.1.2
WOUNDS
- is a break in the continuity of
a tissue of the body either
external or internal.

Two Types of Wounds

- Closed Wounds
- Open Wounds
CLASSIFICATI
FIRST AID
ON OF OPEN
WOUNDS MANAGEMENT
Wounds with Severe Bleeding:
1. Cover the wound: Use a clean
• Puncture. dressing (bandage) to apply pressure.
2. Control the bleeding: Apply direct
• Abrasion pressure with your hand or use an
elastic bandage to compress the
• Laceration wound.
• Avulsion 3. Care for shock: If the person is in
shock (pale, weak, dizzy), keep them
• Incision warm and lying down.
4. Consult a physician: Severe
bleeding requires immediate medical
attention
7.1.3
NOSEBLEE Medical Term:
D Epistaxis
What causes a nosebleed?
What causes a nosebleed?
There are many delicate blood vessels in the
There are many delicate blood vessels in the
nose
nose that can be easily damaged. A nosebleed
that can be easily damaged. A nosebleed can
can occur due to many different reasons and
occur due to many different reasons and risk
risk factors. Usually, a nosebleed will stop on its
factors. Usually, a nosebleed will stop on its
own, but it could require emergency medical
own, but it could require emergency medical
attention if serious.
attention if serious.
 Causes of
Nosebleeds
1. Anterior Nosebleed
2. Posterior
Nosebleed
 Anterior
• Nose Picking
Nosebleeds • A knock or blow to the nose
• Sinusitis, Cold, Flu, Allergy
• Deviated Septum
• Hot climates or High Altitude
90 • Medication
• Liver disease
% • Excessive use of illegal drugs
Posterior • High Blood Pressure
Noseblee • Nasal Surgery
• Calcium deficiency
ds
• Exposure to chemicals
10 • Blood Diseases:
Hemophilia or Leukemia
% • Some tumors
 Signs & Symtoms
Blood coming from
the nose.
Requires Immediate
Medical Attention
• heavy bleeding • vomiting
• palpitation • shortness of
• swallowing large breath
amount of blood • turning pale
 7.1.4
BURNS
Is an injury involving the skin, including muscles, bones,
nerves and blood vessels . This results from heat,
chemicals, electricity or solar or other forms of
radiation .
Common causes:
- Carelessness with match and cigarette smoking
- Scald from hot liquid
- Defective heating, cooking and electrical
equipment
- Immersion in overheated bath water
- Use of such chemicals, as lye, strong acids and
strong detergents
 Factors to determine
seriousness of the Burns
Three depth
classifications
• Superficial ( First Degree) Burns
• Partial thickness ( Second
Degree) Burns
• Full thickness ( Third Degree)
Burns
 Types of burn
Injuries
- Thermal
Burns
Not all thermal burns are caused by flames. Contact
with hot objects, flammable vapor that ignites that
causes a flash or an explosion, and sleams or hot
liquid are other common causes of burn
 Types of burn
Injuries
- Electrical Burns

The injury severity from exposure to electrical current

depends on the type of current ( direct or altering) , the
voltage , the area of the body exposed, are the duration of
contact.
 First aid management
• Unplug, disconnect, or turn off the power . if that is. Impossible, call the
power company or ask for help
• Check the BABs (Circulation, Airway, Breathing). Provide Rescue Breathing
(RB) or Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) if necessary.
• If the victim fell, check the spine injury.
• Treat the victim for shock
• Seek medical attention immediately. Electrical injuries are treated in burn
center
Types of burn Injuries
- Chemical burns

The injury severity from exposure to electrical current

depends on the type of current (direct or altering), the
voltage, the area of the body exposed , are the duration of
contact.
First Aid Management
• Immediately remove the chemical by flushing with water.

• Remove the victims contaminated clothing while flushing it with water.

• Flush for 20 minutes or longer. Let the victim wash with a mild soap before a final
rinse.
• Cover the burned area with a dry dressing or, for large areas , a clean
pillowcase.
• If the chemical is in the eye, flood it for at least 21 minutes, using low pressure,
• Seek medical attention immediately for all chemical burns.
 First Aid
1.CareManagement
of First - Degree and Second- Degree
burns.
• Relieve pain by immersing the burned the burned area in a cold water or
by applying a wet, cold cloth. If cold water is unavailable , use any cold
liquid you drink to reduce the burned skin's temperature .

• Cover the burn with as dry, non-stick , sterilize dressing or a clean cloth.
 First Aid
• Management
Care for third Degree burns .

• Cover the burn with a dry, non- sticking sterile dressing or a clean
cloth .

• Treat the victim wait for shock bye elevating the legs and keeping
the victim warm with a clean sheet or blanket.
 7.1.5
BANDAGING
- is a vital component of first aid that helps
control bleeding, protect wounds, support
injured body parts, and prevent further harm.
Correct bandaging minimizes the risk of
infection, reduces swelling, and can
immobilize injured areas to avoid aggravation.
A properly applied bandage ensures effective
healing and stabilizes the injury until
professional medical help is available.
 7.1.5
BANDAGING
General Principles:
• A bandage should be snug (it is useless if too loose), but not
so tight as to interfere with circulation, either at the time of
application or later if swelling occurs.

• To ensure
✓ Leavethat
thecirculation is not interfered
person’s fingertips exposedwith – splint or
when
bandage is applied to the arm, and leave the toes exposed
when splint or bandage is applied to the leg.
✓ Watch for swelling, changes of colour, and coldness
of the tips of fingers or toes, indicating interference with
circulation.

✓ Loosen bandages immediately if the victim complains

of numbness or a tingling sensation.
✓ Never apply a tight circular bandage about a person’s
neck; it may cause strangulation.
Triangular bandage are useful as an emergency
cover for the entire scalp, the hand or foot, or any
large area. Such a bandage also is used as a sling for
fracture or other injury of the arm or hand. Folded into
cravat bandage the bandage can be used as a
circular, spiral or figure-of-eight bandage; it can be
used also as a tie for splint, as a constricting band and
as tourniquet. If the cravat bandage is folded several
times again to form a thick pad, it can be placed over
another dressing to provide protection and pressure.
 Methods of Applying
1. Arm Bandages
- for fractured or injured
Sling
arm
Steps:
1. Place one end of the bandage over the uninjured shoulder and let
the other end hung down in front of the chest, parallel to the side of
the body.

2. Carry the point behind the elbow of the injured arm.

3. Carry the second end of the bandage up over the shoulder and tie
two ends together at the side of the neck-not over the spin
4. Bring the point of the bandage forward and pin it to the front of the
Methods of Applying
5. A pin isBandages
not available, twist the point of the bandage until it is
snug at the elbow and tie a single knot.

6. Make sure that the ends of the fingers extend just beyond the
base, so that you can observe whether or not the circulation is cut
off.

7. In all cases of injury to the hand or lower forearm, adjust the

sling so that the hand is elevated 4 or 5 inches above the level of the
2. Triangular Bandage for the Scalp and
elbow.
Forehead
- for head injury or scalp wound
 Methods of Applying
Steps: Bandages
1. Fold a hem about 2 inches wide along the base. Place
compress. Put the dressing in place with the hem on the outside,
place the bandage on the head so that the middle of the base lies on
the forehead close down to the eyebrows and the point hangs down
the back.

2. Carry the two ends around the head above the ears and cross
(do not tie) them just below the bump at the back of the head.

3. Draw the ends snugly, carry them around the head, and tie them
Methods of Applying
4. SteadyBandages
the head with one hand and with the other draw the point
down firmly behind to hold the compress pressure securely against
the head. Pick up the point and tuck it in where the bandage ends
cross or pin it down with a safety pin at the back of the head.

3. Cravat Bandage for Forehead, Ears

or Eyes- for wounds or injuries around the forehead, eye, or ears.
Steps:
1. Place the center of the cravat over the compress that covers the
wound.
 Methods of Applying
Bandages
2. Carry the ends around to the opposite side of the head and
cross them.

3. Bring them back to the starting point and tie them.

4. Cravat Bandage for Cheek
or Ear
- for Cheek wounds or ear injuries.

Step:
1. Use a wide cravat. Start with the middle of the cravat over the
compress that covers the cheek or ear.
2. Carry one end over the top of the head and other under the chin.
Cross the ends at opposite side, bringing them the short end back
round the forehead and the long end around the back of the head.

3. Tie them over the compress.

Never use the method for fracture of the jaw or where there
is bleeding in the mouth or danger of vomiting, unless an
attendant will be constantly present to loosen the bandage
in an emergency.
5. Cravat Bandage for Elbow or
Kneeon flexible joints like elbows and
- for wounds
knees.
Steps:

1. Bend the elbow or knee at a right angle unless this

movement produces pain. Use a rather wide bandage. Start
with the middle of the bandage over the dressing at the
elbow.

2. Carry the ends around in opposite directions-one and

around the upper arm or leg and the other end around the
lower part crossing them in the hollow.

3. Continue around, covering the dressing, back to the

7.1.6: SPLINTING
WHAT IS SPLINTING?

• Splinting is used to immobilize an injured part (arms,

legs, or trunk) when a fracture is suspected.

PURPOSE:
• Decreases pain and prevents shock.
• Prevents further injury during transport.
MATERIALS USED:

• Commercial splints or makeshift ones (cardboard,

pillows, rolled blankets, boards, etc.).
• Tape, strips of cloth, neckties, or bandages to hold the
splint.
MATERIALS USED:
TYPES OF SPLINTS

• Rigid Splints: Made of wood, metal, or plastic (e.g., SAM

splint).
• Soft Splints: Pillow, sling, or folded blanket.
• Air Splints: Inflated to stabilize the limb.
• Anatomic Splints: Using another body part as support
(e.g.,leg-to-leg).
HOW TO APPLY A SPLINT?

• Splint must extend past the joints on both sides of the

fracture.
• Pad between the splint and skin, especially over bony
areas.
• Immobilize joints above and below the injury.
• Secure the splint with cloth strips, not too tight.
• Circulation (pulse in wrist, swelling, or color changes).
• Tingling/numbness – loosen ties to avoid nerve damage.
HOW TO APPLY A SPLINT?
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

• Victims may still move the part slightly do not test the
injury.
• Never allow the victim to move the injured part or walk on a
broken leg.
• If there's a spine or neck injury, do not move the head or
neck it may cause paralysis.
• If straightening and splinting a deformed limb is necessary,
follow proper procedures.
WHEN NOT TO SPLINT

Do NOT splint if:

• There is an open wound needing urgent care.

• There is no pulse below the injury (medical emergency).
• You lack proper training or materials — call for help.
7.2 EMERGENCY
RESCUE AND - deal with the movement

SHORT TRANSFER
of victims away from
hazardous locations and
the use of protective
methods to support a
victim’s body during
emergency transfer;
INDICATIONS FOR IMMEDIATE
RESCUE
- Fire, danger of fire, or explosion;
- Danger of asphyxia due to lack of oxygen or due to gas;
- Serious traffic hazard;
- Risk of drowning;
- Exposure to cold or intense heat or to intense weather conditions;
- Possibility of injury from collapsing walls or building;
- Electrical injury or potential injury; and
- Pinning by machinery
 PROCEDURE

A. When it is necessary to remove victims from life-

threatening situation, the first-aider must:
- Avoid subjecting the victim to any unnecessary disturbances;
- Ensure an open airway and administer artificial respiration if it is needed;
- Control bleeding;
- Check for injuries;
- Immobilize injured parts prior to movement of the victim, if possible; and
- Arrange for transportation.
 PROCEDURE

B. It is difficult for inexperienced helpers to lift and

carry a person gently. They need careful guidance. If
there is time, it is wise to rehearse the lifting procedure
first, using a practice subject. Other factors to be
considered:
- If you must lift someone to safety before a check for injuries can be
made, protect all parts of the body from tensions of lifting.
- Support the arms and legs, the head, and the back. Keep the entire
body in straight line and keep it from moving.
METHODS
OF
TRANSFE
R
METHODS
OF
TRANSFER
METHODS OF
TRANSFER
METHODS OF
TRANSFER
Three- or Four-Person Carry
7.3 INITIAL TRIAGE AND
TAGGING
Triage is sorting patients into categories
of priority for care and transport based
on the severity of injuries and medical
emergencies.
 PRINCIPLES OF
TRIAGE
1.Cardinal rule- 2. Preservation 3. The two
do the greatest of life takes immediate
rule for the precedence over threats to life are
greatest preservation of asphyxia and
number. limbs. hemorhage.
TRIAGE AND PATIENT
CATEGORIES
1. First Priority/ Red/ Immediate/ Highest Priority
- Victims with serious injuries that are life threatening but have high probability of
survival.
2. Secondary Priority/ Yellow/ Immediate
- Victims who are seriously injured and whose lives are not immediately threatened.
Transportation may delay for one hour.
3. Third Priority/Green/Delay
- Ambulatory victims “walking wounded” this requires no immediate medical aid.
Transportation may delay for three hours.
4. Fourth Priority/Black/ Dead
- Victims obviously dead or with obviously mortal wounds where death appears
eminent.
FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND
SUPPLIES
Basic Equipment:
• Spine board
• Short board/ Kendrick’s Extrication Device
• Sets of splints
• Poles
• Blankets
SUGGESTED FIRST AID
KIT CONTENTS (BASIC)

• Rubbing Alcohol • Gloves

• Povidone Iodine • Scissors
• Cotton • Forceps
• Gauge pads • Bandage (Triangular)
• Tongue depressor • Elastic roller bandage
• Penlight • Occlusive dressing
• Band aid • Plaster
 cLOTHES MATERIALS
COMMONLY USED IN
FIRST AID
• Dressing - Any sterile cloth material used to cover the
wound .
• Bandage - Any cloth material sterile or not used to hold
the dressing place.