UNDERSTANDIN

G HYPOTHESIS
TESTING
 Activity: What mistakes
do people make?
Read the following
statements and identify
the phrase/s that makes
1. Mark says “I am
virtuous!” In the
next moment, he
finds himself in
2. Thousands
of years ago,
Ptolemy
declared that
3. On a beachfront, a signage
reads, “No littering of plastic
wrappers, empty bottles and
cans.” A few yards away,
environmentalists are picking
up the rubbish left behind by
 4. Angela says “I
don’t have any
allergy in seafood”.
In the next moment,
she finds herself
5. Today is not my
friend’s birthday
but I will wish her
happy birthday.
 Hypothesis is a statement about a
population parameter subject to
verification. Hypothesis testing is a
decision-making process for
evaluating claims about a population
based on the characteristics of a
sample purportedly coming from that
population. The decision is whether
 Two Types of
Hypotheses
Null Hypothesis
Alternative
Hypothesis
 Null Hypothesis, denoted
by H0, is a statement that
there is no difference
between a parameter and a
specific value, or that there
is no difference between
 Suppose the two parameters of
1 by
interest are denoted 2 and
. If there is no difference
between the two values, the
relationship 1is written
 2 0 in symbols
as:

So, the null 0 1 

Hhypothesis
:  2
would be
 Alternative Hypothesis,
denoted by Ha, is a
statement that there is
difference between a
parameter and a specific
value, or that there is
 So, the alternative hypothesis
would be written in symbols as:
𝐻 𝑎 : 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2
𝐻 𝑎 : 𝜇1 >𝜇 2
𝐻 𝑎 : 𝜇1 <𝜇 2
 The null and alternative hypotheses
are stated together as shown below (
where k represents a specified
Two-tailed
numberRight-tailed Left-tailed
or parameter).
test test test
𝐻 0 :𝜇=𝑘 𝐻 0 :𝜇=𝑘
H 0 :  k
𝐻 0 :𝜇≤ 𝑘 𝐻 0 :𝜇≥ 𝑘
𝐻 𝑎 :𝜇≠ 𝑘 𝐻 𝑎 : 𝜇> 𝑘 𝐻 𝑎 : 𝜇< 𝑘
 When the alternative
 utilizes the
hypothesis
symbol, the test is said to be
non-directional.
When the alternative

hypothesis utilizes the
symbol or the symbol, the
 There are words like greater,
efficient, improves, effective,
increases, and so on that suggest
a right-tailed direction in the
formulation of the alternative
hypothesis. Words like decrease,
less than, smaller, and the like
suggest a left-tailed direction.
 EXAMPLE:
Formulate a null
hypothesis and its
alternative hypothesis for
each of the following.
 ITEM # 1
The average TV viewing
time of all five-year old
children is 4 hours.
 ITEM # 2
A college librarian claims
that 20 storybooks on
the average are
borrowed daily.
 ITEM # 3
A farmer believes that using
organic fertilizers on his plants
will yield greater income. His
average income from the past
was P200,000.00 per year.
 EXAMPLE:
Classify each of the
following as a left-tailed,
right-tailed, or two-tailed
test.
1.H 0 :  15; H1 :   15
2.H 0 :  14.8; H1 :  4.8
3.H 0 :  350; H1 :   350
4.H 0 :  9; H1 :   9
5.H 0 :  1.47; H1 :   1.47
UNDERSTANDIN
G THE DECISION
GRID
Two Types of Errors
a. Type I Error or α
Error
b. Type II Error or β
Possible Decisions for a
Hypothesis TestDECISIONS ABOUT H0
DO NOT
REJECT REJECT
(ACCEPT)
CORRECT
H0 IS TYPE I
DECISION
REALI TRUE. ERROR
TY CORRECT
H0 IS TYPE II
DECISION
FALSE. ERROR
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
 EXAMPLE:
Study the following
examples carefully and
the notes that follow.
 ITEM # 1
Maria insists that she is
30 years old when, in
fact, she is 32 years old.
What is Mary
 ITEM # 2
Stephen says that he is
not bald. His hairline is
just receding. Is he
committing an error? If
Rejection Regions for Common
Values of 
 Left- Right-
Two-tailed
tailed tailed
0.1 z<-1.645 or
z<-1.28 z>1.28
0 z>1.645
0.0 z<- z<-1.96 or
z>1.645
5 1.645 z>1.96
0.0 z<-2.575 or
 EXAMPLE:
For each of the given, do the
following:
1. Draw the normal curve.
2. Locate the z-value.
3. Indicate if the z-value is in
the rejection region or in the
1. z = 2.1, 95% confidence,
two-tailed
2. z = -2.55, 95% confidence,
two-tailed
3. z = -1.88, 95% confidence,
one-tailed
4. z = 1.33, 99% confidence,
 WW#3:
Hypothesis Testing
 I. IDENTIFICATI
ON
Identify what is
1. It is a statement
about a population
parameter subject
to verification.
2. It is a statement
that there is
difference
between a
3. It is a type of
error where null
hypothesis is
true and
4. It is a statement
that there is no
difference
between a
5. It is a type of
error where null
hypothesis is
false and
 II. Classify each of
the following as a
left-tailed test,
right-tailed test, or
two-tailed test.
1.𝐻 0 : 𝜇=23 ; 𝐻 1 : 𝜇 ≠ 23
2.𝐻 0 : 𝜇 ≤ 8 ; 𝐻 1 : 𝜇> 8
3.𝐻 0 : 𝜇=1.7 ; 𝐻 1 : 𝜇< 1.7
4. 𝐻 0 : 𝜇 ≥ 29 ; 𝐻 1 : 𝜇<2 9
5.𝐻 0 : 𝜇=31 ; 𝐻 1 : 𝜇 ≠ 3 1
 III. Draw the normal
curve, locate the z-
value and indicate if
the z-value is in the
rejection region or in
1. z = 3.10, 90% confidence,
two-tailed
2. z = -1.645, 90% confidence,
one-tailed
3. z = 2.6, 99% confidence,
two-tailed
4. z = -1.23, 95% confidence,
6. z = 2.333, 99% confidence,
one-tailed
7. z = 1.7, 95% confidence,
one-tailed
8. z = -1.52, 95% confidence,
two-tailed
Test I. Complete the table
Is H below.
Decision Is the Type of
true (but 0
(based decision Error (I
unknow true?
on correct? or II) if
n mean) (Y/N)
sample) (Y/N) any
Accept
25
H0
Reject
25
H0
Accept
27
A researcher has hypothesized
that the mean number of traffic
violations per day in
Saskatchewan, Canada is 25. So
H 0 : and
the 25; H1 :  15hypotheses
alternative
are  0.05
. The level
of significance to be used is
Formulating
Hypotheses
 Parameter is used to
describe the entire
population being studied. A
population is a set of all
people, objects, events, or
ideas wish to investigate.
Usually parameter describes
 A sample mean is an
estimate of the population
mean. It is the average of
a set of data or sample
while population mean is
an average of a group
 Steps in formulating null and
alternative hypotheses
1. Identify the parameter of
interest.
2. Determine the claim to be
tested (null or alternative).
3. Translate the claim into
mathematical symbols or
notations.
 The null and alternative hypotheses
are stated together as shown below (
where k represents a specified
number
Two-tailed or parameter).
Right-tailed Left-tailed
test test test
H 0 :  k 𝐻 0 :𝜇≤ 𝑘 𝐻 0 :𝜇≥ 𝑘
𝐻 𝑎 :𝜇≠ 𝑘 𝐻 𝑎 : 𝜇> 𝑘 𝐻 𝑎 : 𝜇< 𝑘
 EXAMPLE:
Identify the parameters to
be tested on real-life
problem. State the null
and alternative
hypothesis. Write it in
 ITEM # 1:
A survey conducted the college
students in their study stated that cell
phone owners received an average of
65 texts every day.
Parameter of interest: The average number of
text messages received every day.
Null hypothesis: The average texts every day is
65.
(claim)
Alternative hypothesis: The average text
 ITEM # 2:
A university wants to test if
college students take less than
five years to graduate from
college, on the average.
Parameter of interest: The average to
graduate from college.
Null hypothesis:
 ITEM # 3:
A nutritionist wants to estimate the
mean amount of sodium consumed by
children under the age of 10. From a
random sample of 75 children under the
age of 10, the nutritionist obtains a
sample mean of 2993 milligrams of
sodium consumed.
Parameter of interest: The mean amount of
sodium consumed by children under the age of
 ITEM # 4:
The average height of Grade 11
female students is above 158
cm. Their adviser wants to test
the students’ claim.
Parameter of interest: The average
height of Grade 11 female students
Null hypothesis:
 ITEM # 5:
A researcher wants to estimate the number
of hours that 5-year old children spend
watching television. A sample of 50 five-
year old children was observed to have a
mean viewing time of 3 hours. The
population is normally distributed with a
standard deviation of 0.5.
Parameter of interest: The average number
of hours that 5-year old children spend
Practice your
Skills
 ITEM # 1:
We want to test if
college students take
more than four years to
graduate from
 ITEM # 2:
The school wants to
test whether the mean
grade point average in
the Philippines colleges
 ITEM # 3:
The owner of a Pepsi Cola
that sells a particular
bottled juice claims that
average capacity of a
bottle of their product is
 ITEM # 4:
A study of every national
park’s sales receipts for
August shows they
brought in an average of
less than ten million
 ITEM # 5:
A researcher wants to
estimate the average height
of women aged 20 years old.
From a simple random
sample of 45 women, the
researcher obtains a sample
CONFIDENCE LEVEL,
ONE-TAILED & TWO-
TAILED TESTS,
REJECTION REGION,
TYPE OF ERRORS