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Processes and Va

Chapter 3 of the Introduction to Chemical Engineering covers essential processes and process variables, including mass, volume, flow rate, chemical composition, pressure, and temperature. Key learning outcomes include understanding density, specific gravity, and methods for measuring temperature and pressure. The chapter emphasizes the importance of these concepts for chemical engineers in designing, operating, and improving processes.

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12 views23 pages

Processes and Va

Chapter 3 of the Introduction to Chemical Engineering covers essential processes and process variables, including mass, volume, flow rate, chemical composition, pressure, and temperature. Key learning outcomes include understanding density, specific gravity, and methods for measuring temperature and pressure. The chapter emphasizes the importance of these concepts for chemical engineers in designing, operating, and improving processes.

Uploaded by

x3rizy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Chemical

Engineering
Chapter 3
Processes and Process
Variable
Chapter Overview
• 3.1 Mass & Volume
• 3.2 Flowrate
• 3.3 Chemical Composition
• 3.4 Pressure
• 3.5 Temperature
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
• Explain the difference between density and specific
• gravity
• Understand the terms gram-mole, lb-mole, mol & kmol
• Describe two ways to measure temperature and two
• ways to measure pressure in a chemical process
• Differentiate between the terms absolute pressure
• and gauge pressure
• Convert compositions from mass fraction to mole
• fraction and vice versa
• Convert among pressure and temperature units
Processes and Process Variables

 A PROCESS is any operation or series of operations by which a particular object is


accomplished
Processes and Process Variables
Input or Feed is the material that enters a process
Processes and Process Variables

It is common for a process to consist of multiple steps, each of


which is carried out in a process unit.
Processes and Process Variables
Process Stream is a set of input and output of each process unit.
Processes and Process Variables
 As a chemical engineer, you may be responsible for:
 Designing the process
 Operating the process
 improving the process
Understanding, measuring and calculating the key
process variables are fundamental to performing these responsibilities.
3.1 Mass and Volume

Density of a substance is the mass per unit volume of the


substance (kg/m3 , g/cm3 , lbm/ft3 )

Specific Volume is the volume occupied by a unit


mass of the substance.
3.1 Mass and Volume
 Specific Gravity is the ratio of the density of the substance to the
density of a reference substance at a specific condition

 Density of water @ 4 oC is the reference for most


commonly used solids and liquids.
3.1 Mass and Volume
Example: Mass, Volume and Density
Calculate the density of mercury in lbm/ft3 , if the mercury specific
gravity is 13.546, and calculate the volume in ft3 occupied by 215 kg of
mercury
Solution:
3.1 Mass and Volume
• Example: Effect of Temperature on Liquid Density In the previous
example, 215 kg of mercury was found to occupy 0.560 ft3 at 20°C. (1)
What volume would the mercury occupy at 100°C? (2) Suppose the
mercury is contained in a cylinder having a diameter of 0.25 in. What
change in height would be observed as the mercury is heated from
20°C to 100°C? knowing that the expansion equation of mercury as a
function of temperature given by:
3.1 Mass and Volume
3.2 Flow Rate
• 3.2a Mass and Volumetric Flow Rate
• Flow Rate is the rate at which a material is transported through a
process line.
• Can be expressed as:
• Volumetric flow rate (m3 /s)
• Mass flow rate (kg/s)
• Molar flow rate (mol/s)
3.2 Flow Rate
• Flowmeter is a device mounted in a process line that provides a
continuous reading of the flow rate in the line.
3.3 Chemical Composition
Moles and Molecular Weight
• An atomic weight of an element is the mass of an atom on a scale that
assign 12C a mass of exactly 12. In other words, atomic weight is the
ratio of the average mass per atom to 1/12 of the mass of 12C.
• Molecular Weight of a compound is the sum of the atomic weights of
the atoms that constitute a molecule of a compound.
• Gram-mole (mol) of a species is the amount of that species whose
mass in grams is numerically equal to its molecular weight
3.3 Chemical Composition
Conversion between Mass and Moles
• Example
How many each of the following are contained in 100.0 g of CO2
(M=44.01)? (1) mol CO2 ; (2) lb-moles CO2 ; (3) mol C; (4) mol O, (5) mol
O2; (6) g O; (7) g O2 (8) molecules of CO2
3.3 Chemical Composition
3.3 Chemical Composition
• The molecular weight of a species can be used to relate the mass flow
rate of a continuous stream of this species to the corresponding
molar flow rate.
• For example if CO2 (M=44.0) flows through a pipeline at a rate of 100
kg /h:

• If the CO2 stream is flowing at a rate of 850 lb-moles/min, the


corresponding mass flow rate is:
3.3 Chemical Composition
Mass and Mole Fractions
Chemical Composition
Example: Conversion from a Composition by Mass to a Molar
Composition
A mixture of gases has the following compositions by mass:
O2 16%
CO 4.0%
CO2 17%
N2 63%
What is the molar composition?
Chemical Composition
Chemical Composition

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