University Institute of Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

& ENGINEERING
Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Science & Engineering)
Subject Name: Parallel and Distributed Computing
Subject Code: 22CSH-354/22ITH-354
Prepared by:
Er. Anupama Jamwal (E14665)

Parallel and Distributed Computing DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

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 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Content

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Architecture in Distributed Systems

•Advantages, disadvantages
Data-Centic Architecture in Distributed Systems
• Advantages, disadvantages

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2. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Architecture in Distributed Systems

 Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Architecture is a decentralized network
design where each node, or “peer,” acts as both a client and a
server, contributing resources and services to the network. This
architecture contrasts with traditional client-server models,
where nodes have distinct roles as clients or servers.
 In a P2P architecture, all nodes (peers) are equal participants in
the network, each capable of initiating and receiving requests.
 Peers collaborate to share resources, such as files or
computational power, without relying on a central server.

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 Key Features of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Architecture in Distributed Systems

 Decentralization
 Function: There is no central server or authority. Each peer operates independently and
communicates directly with other peers.
 Advantages: Reduces single points of failure and avoids central bottlenecks, enhancing
robustness and fault tolerance.
 Resource Sharing
 Function: Peers share resources such as processing power, storage space, or data with
other peers.
 Advantages: Increases resource availability and utilization across the network.
 Scalability
 Function: The network can scale easily by adding more peers. Each new peer contributes
additional resources and capacity.
 Advantages: The system can handle growth in demand without requiring significant
changes to the underlying infrastructure.

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Self-Organization
 Function: Peers organize themselves and manage network
connections dynamically, adapting to changes such as peer arrivals
and departures.
 Advantages: Facilitates network management and resilience without
central coordination.

Advantages of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Architecture in Distributed Systems

 Fault Tolerance: The decentralized nature ensures that the failure of one or several
peers does not bring down the entire network.
 Cost Efficiency: Eliminates the need for expensive central servers and
infrastructure by leveraging existing resources of the peers.
 Scalability: Easily accommodates a growing number of peers, as each new peer
enhances the network’s capacity.

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 Disadvantages of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Architecture in Distributed

Systems
 Security: Decentralization can make it challenging to enforce security
policies and manage malicious activity, as there is no central authority to
oversee or control the network.
 Performance Variability: The quality of services can vary depending on
the peers’ resources and their availability, leading to inconsistent
performance.
 Complexity: Managing connections, data consistency, and network
coordination without central control can be complex and may require
sophisticated protocols.

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Examples of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Architecture in Distributed Systems

 File Sharing Networks: Systems like BitTorrent allow users to share and
download files from multiple peers, with each peer contributing to the
upload and download processes.
 Decentralized Applications (DApps): Applications that run on
decentralized networks, leveraging P2P architecture for tasks like data
storage and computation.

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3. Data-Centic Architecture in Distributed Systems

 Data-Centric Architecture is an architectural style that focuses on the central
management and utilization of data. In this approach, data is treated as a critical
asset, and the system is designed around data management, storage, and retrieval
processes rather than just the application logic or user interfaces.
 The core idea of Data-Centric Architecture is to design systems where data is the
primary concern, and various components or services are organized to support
efficient data management and manipulation.
 Data is centrally managed and accessed by multiple applications or services,
ensuring consistency and coherence across the system.

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Key Principles of Data-Centic Architecture in Distributed Systems

 Centralized Data Management:
Function: Data is managed and stored in a central repository or database, making it
accessible to various applications and services.
Principle: Ensures data consistency and integrity by maintaining a single source of
truth.
 Data Abstraction:
Function: Abstracts the data from the application logic, allowing different services or
applications to interact with data through well-defined interfaces.
Principle: Simplifies data access and manipulation while hiding the underlying complexity.
Data Normalization:
Function: Organizes data in a structured manner, often using normalization
techniques to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity.
Principle: Enhances data quality and reduces data anomalies by ensuring consistent
data storage.

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Data Integration:
 Function: Integrates data from various sources and systems to provide a
unified view and enable comprehensive data analysis.
 Principle: Supports interoperability and facilitates comprehensive data
analysis across diverse data sources.
Scalability and Performance:
 Function: Designs the data storage and management systems to handle
increasing volumes of data efficiently.
 Principle: Ensures the system can scale to accommodate growing data needs
while maintaining performance.

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Advantages:
 Consistency: Centralized data management helps maintain a single source of truth,
ensuring data consistency across the system.
 Integration: Facilitates easy integration of data from various sources, providing a
unified view and enabling better decision-making.
 Data Quality: Data normalization and abstraction help improve data quality and
reduce redundancy, leading to more accurate and reliable information.
 Efficiency: Centralized management can optimize data access and retrieval
processes, improving overall system efficiency.

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Disadvantages:
 Single Point of Failure: Centralized data repositories can become a
bottleneck or single point of failure, potentially impacting system reliability.
 Performance Overhead: Managing large volumes of centralized data can
introduce performance overhead, requiring robust infrastructure and
optimization strategies.
 Complexity: Designing and managing a centralized data system can be
complex, especially when dealing with large and diverse datasets.
 Scalability Challenges: Scaling centralized data systems to accommodate
increasing data volumes and access demands can be challenging and may
require significant infrastructure investment.

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Examples of Data-Centic Architecture in Distributed Systems

 Relational Databases: Systems like MySQL, PostgreSQL, and Oracle use
Data-Centric Architecture to manage and store structured data efficiently,
providing consistent access and integration across applications.
 Data Warehouses: Platforms such as Amazon Redshift and Google BigQuery
are designed to centralize and analyze large volumes of data from various
sources, enabling complex queries and data analysis.
 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems: ERP systems like SAP and
Oracle ERP integrate various business functions (e.g., finance, HR, supply
chain) around a centralized data repository to support enterprise-wide
operations and decision-making.

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