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VP - Interconnection Networks - 2

The document discusses multistage switching networks, focusing on 2X2 interchange switches that connect inputs to outputs based on control signals. It explains the Omega Network and Hypercube Networks, detailing their structures and communication methods. Additionally, it introduces Delta Networks and concludes with an assignment to design a 32X32 delta network and a 3-D hypercube network connection.

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Sourav Chandra
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7 views20 pages

VP - Interconnection Networks - 2

The document discusses multistage switching networks, focusing on 2X2 interchange switches that connect inputs to outputs based on control signals. It explains the Omega Network and Hypercube Networks, detailing their structures and communication methods. Additionally, it introduces Delta Networks and concludes with an assignment to design a 32X32 delta network and a 3-D hypercube network connection.

Uploaded by

Sourav Chandra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTERCONNECTION

NETWORKS (2)

Prof. Varsha Poddar


Department of CSE
Multistage switching network

• Basic component- 2X2 interchange switch.

• Two inputs & two outputs.

• Control signals associated with switch that


establish interconnection between input and output
terminals.

• Switch has capability to connect any one input to


either of the two outputs.
Multistage switching network (Contd.)

• Switch can arbitrate between conflicting


requested.

• If both inputs request for same output terminal


(destination), only any one of them will be
connected, the other will be blocked.
2 X 2 interchange switch example
• Using 2 X 2 switch as building block, its
possible to build a multistage network to
control the communication between a number
of source & destination.

• Source -> Processor


• Destination -> Memory / storage.

• E.g. processors P1 & P2 are connected through


switches to eight memory modules marked in
binary from 000 through 111.
Multistage switching network (Contd.)

• Ref. to the diagram-


– 1st bit of destination – switch output in 1 st level
– 2nd bit of destination – switch output in 2 nd level
– 3rd bit of destination – switch output in 3 rd level

• E. g. P1 to memory 101 –
– Path from P1 to output 1 in 1st level
– Path from 1 to output 0 in 2nd level
– Path from 0 to output 1 to 3rd level
Pros & cons.
• Either P1 or P2 can be connected to any of the
eight memory modules at a time.

• Certain request patterns cannot be satisfied


simultaneously.

• E. g. if P1 is connected to any one of 000 – 011


Then P2 can be connected to only one of 100 – 111.
Omega Network
• Different topologies for multistage switching
network-
– In TCS, processor - memory module interconnect
– In LCS, processor – processor interconnect

• One example- Omega Switching Network.


• Exactly one path from each source to any one
particular destination.
Omega Network (contd.)
• Mode of Operation-
– A particular request initiated by a source
– Sends 3 bit pattern representing the destination
number
– As binary pattern moves through network, each level
examines a different bit to determine its 2 X 2 switch
setting.
– Level 1- MSB, Level 2- Middle bit, Level 3- LSB.
– After the path is established the source & destination
communicates.
Hypercube Networks
• Binary n-cube multiprocessor

• Loosely coupled system composed of N= 2 n


processors interconnected in an n-dimensional
binary cube.

• Each processor -> node of the cube.


Hypercube Networks (Contd.)

• Each node assigned to a binary address.

• In such a way that addresses of two


neighbours differ in just one bit position.

• E. g. node 100 in a 3-cube hypercube


structure, the neighbours are 000, 101, 110 i.e.
each neighbour varies 1-bit position from 100
node address.
Communication in hypercube network

• Direct communication : 000 with 001


• Indirect / via communication : 000 – 011
– 000 to 001
– 001 to 011

• Routing procedure:
– XOR of source to destination address
– E.g. 010 to 001 -> 010 XOR 001 = 011
– 010-011 (2nd bit change) & 011-010 (3rd bit change)
Delta Network
• A delta network is defined as an an X bn switching network with n
stages consisting of a X b crossbar modules.

• The interconnection or link patterns between stages is such that


there exists an unique path of constant length from any one source
to any one destination.

• The path is digit controlled such that a crossbar connects an input to


one of its b outputs depending on a single base – b digit taken from
the destination address.

• In a delta network, no input or output terminal of any crossbar


module if left unconnected.
Assignment
• Design a 32 X 32 delta network

• Design a 3-D hypercube network connection


Thank you

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