UNIT 2: MODULE 1

Normalization

Mrs. J. Jones
Information Technology
 OBJECTIVES

• Define the term normalization

• List the benefits of normalization
• List the types of normal forms
• Explain the different types of
normal form
 What can you say?

State the
meaning of the
term
normalization
 Use the table to explain
Data Redundancy
1. Insertion Anomaly 2. Deletion Anomaly
3.Update/updation/modification
Anomaly
ID No Name Teacher Subject ID Room

001 Arrianne Mrs. Brown I.T00 Lib Lab

002 Billie Mrs. Brown I.T00 Lib Lab

003 Danielle Mrs. Brown I.T00 Lib Lab

004 Kayla Mrs. Brown I.T00 Lib Lab

005 Zorah Mrs. Brown I.T00 Lib Lab

Student table
 Use the table to explain
Data Redundancy
1. Insertion Anomaly: Occurs when data is inserted to
record without it being stored in a related record.

2. Deletion Anomaly: Occurs when the deletion of some

information results in the deletion of related
information at the same time

3.Update/updation/modification Anomaly: Occurs where

a modification of data will result in inconsistency if all
related records are not changed during the modification
of the database
 What can you say?
• Normalization is a technique used
in Database to organize data in order to
eliminate data redundancy(Repetition of
similar data in multiple places).

• Normalization is a systematic approach of

decomposing tables.
 Purpose of Normalization

• Reduce data redundancy(repetition) and

undesirable characteristics like Insertion,
• Update Anomalies
• Deletion of Anomalies.

Simple put: It is a multi-step process that puts data into tabular form,
reduces duplicated data from the relation tables.
 WHAT CAN YOU DO?
In your note books break the following table into two or more
to reduce redundancy. Explain using the insertion, update and
deletion anomalies.

ID No Name Teacher Subject ID Room

001 Arrianne Mrs Brown I.T00 Lib Lab
002 Billie Mrs Brown I.T00 Lib Lab
003 Danielle Mrs Brown I.T00 Lib Lab
004 Kayla Mrs Brown I.T00 Lib Lab
005 Zorah Mrs Brown I.T00 Lib Lab
 Normalization
Student table
Relationship
ID No Name Subject
ID
Teacher table
001 Arrianne I.T00 Teacher Subject ID Room
002 Billie I.T00 Ms. Jones I.T00 Lib Lab
003 Danielle I.T00

004 Kayla I.T00

005 Zorah I.T00

 Home Work
In your note books explain the following:

• 1NF

• 2NF

• 3NF

• Keys ( Primary, foreign and composite)

 Reference

• https://www.studytonight.com/dbms/database-normalization.php#
 Types of Normal Form

• First Normal Form: 1NF

• Second Normal Form: 2NF

• Third Normal From: 3NF

 First Normal: 1NF

First normal form states that:

• All values must be uniquely identified

• Every row and column intersection in a table should

be a single value, and never a list of values.

• All data must be non divisible

• Any field of data must be the same datatype

 Example: 1NF
Change the following table to First Normal form:

Student Name Subjects

Danae Brown Maths, IT, Chem
Nyah Johnson Chem, IT, Math
Kristen Folkes Art, Chem
Danae Brown Maths, IT, Chem
 Example: 1NF
• All values must be uniquely identified

Student ID Student Subjects

Name
1001 Danae Brown Maths, IT, Chem
1002 Nyah Johnson Chem, IT, Math
1003 Kristen Folkes Art, Chem
1004 Danae Brown Maths, IT, Chem
 Example: 1NF
Student ID Subject
• Every row and column 1001 Maths
1001 IT
intersection in a table should
1001 Chem
be a single value, and never a 1002 Chem
1002 IT
list of values.
Student ID Student
Name 1002 Maths
1003 Art
1001 Danae Brown
1003 Chem
1002 Nyah Johnson
1004 Maths
1003 Kristen Folkes
1004 IT
1004 Danae Brown
1004 Chem
 Example: 1NF
Student ID Subject
• All data must be non divisible 1001 Maths
1001 IT
(can not be broken down)
1001 Chem
Student First Last 1002 Chem
ID Name Name
1002 IT
1001 Danae Brown
1002 Maths
1002 Nyah Johnson
1003 Art
1003 Kristen Folkes
1003 Chem
1004 Danae Brown
1004 Maths
1004 IT
1004 Chem
 Example 2: 1NF
Instruction: Apply first normal (1NF) form to the following table

Customer Name Order

Kayla Campbell Burger, fries, sprite
Ashley Edwards Nuggets, OJ, Fries
Kayla Campbell Burger, fries, sprite
 Example 2: 1NF

RULE: All values must be uniquely identified

Order # Customer Name Order

101 Kayla Campbell Burger, fries, sprite
102 Ashley Edwards Nuggets, OJ, Fries
103 Kayla Campbell Burger, fries, sprite
 Example 2: 1NF
Rule: Every cell in a table should be a
Order # Order
single value, and never a list of values. 101 Burger

101 Fries
Order # Customer Name Order
101 Sprite
101 Kayla Campbell Burger, fries, sprite

102 Ashley Edwards Nuggets, OJ, Fries

103 Kayla Campbell Burger, fries, sprite

 Example 2: 1NF
Rule: Every cell in a table should be a Order # Order
101 Burger
single value, and never a list of values.
101 Fries

Order # Customer Name Order 101 Sprite

101 Kayla Campbell Burger, fries, sprite 102 Nuggets

102 Ashley Edwards Nuggets, OJ, Fries 102 OJ

103 Kayla Campbell Burger, fries, sprite 102 Fries

103 Burger

103 Fries

103 Sprite
 Example 2: 1NF
Rule: All data must be non Order # Order
101 Burger
divisible (can not be broken
101 Fries
Order First Name Last Name
down)
# 101 Sprite
101 Kayla 102 Nuggets
Campbell
102 OJ
102 Ashley
Edwards 102 Fries
103 Kayla
Campbell 103 Burger

103 Fries

103 Sprite
 Example 2: 1NF
Order table
Rule: All data must be non Order # Order
101 Burger
divisible (can not be broken
101 Fries

down)
Customer table 101 Sprite

102 Nuggets
Order First Name Last Name
# 102 OJ
101 Kayla Campbell 102 Fries
102 Ashley Edwards
103 Burger
103 Kayla Campbell
103 Fries

103 Sprite