Debre Berhan University

School of Engineering
Technical Drawing Lecture
Part I
1.Introduction
1.1 History of Technical Drawing
• For 20000 years, a drawing has been a
picture of ideas through the use of lines
• Our early ancestors explained their ideas
• By making in the dust of the floors of their caves
• The pictures of different animals on the wall of the
caves
• It is deeply rooted in our instincts and in a
sense it is our own universal language even
today
• Examples: Solomon temple, roman buildings Greek
monuments
 Cont...
• At the beginning of Christian era, roman
architects had become skilful in preparing
drawings
• Leonardo da Vinci‘s(1452-1519) sketch shows
the aware of multi view drawings
• Gas pared Monge, French mathematician,
introduced theory of projection at the end of
18th century
 1.2 Objective of The Course
Drawing as a means of communications
• Indefinite needs - human nature
• Engineers are creative people who use
technical means to solve problems
• New product
• Research
• Development
• Design
• Production, construction, and Operation
• It needs communication
 Cont…

• Exchange of ideas needs means of communication.

• As the idea becomes technical the usual means of
communication (talk or listen, read or write) will
be less exact.
• For this reason visual language is developed to be
technical and accurate means communication.
• This visual language in broad term is called graphic
language.
• We call it universal language of industry when it is
used for production purpose
 Cont…
• The v-block is to be made of cast iron and
machined on all surfaces. The overall sizes
are two and one-half inches high, three
inches wide, and six inches long. A v-shaped
cut having an included angle of 90° is to be
made through the entire length of the
block. The cut is to be made with the block
resting on the three inch by six inch
surface. The v-cut is to begin one-quarter
inch from the outside edges. At the bottom
of the v-cut there is to be a relief slot one-
eighth inch wide by one-eighth inch deep.
Cont…
 Cont…
• How Would You Describe This?
– In teams of two, describe using only words
– How effective is this approach?
 Cont…
– It is a form of communication that is technical and
very exact.
– It is visual language
– Utilize line and symbols agreed all over the world.
Graphic communication  written or drawn
 The Specific objectives is
To understand:
• The different types of projection techniques
• How to sketch multi – view drawings of any given
pictorial drawings
• How to sketch pictorial drawings of given multi –
view drawings
• Sketching auxiliary and sectional views as a
supplement of multi – view drawings.
• How to find intersection lines of different
geometries and development of surfaces.
 1.3 Definition of Technical Drawing
• Technical Drawing Turn Ideas into Products
• Every product we have today (cars, houses, beds,
tables, chairs, desks, appliances, tools, packages,
clothing, toys, dishes, radios, CD players, video
games, roads, bridges, airplanes, ships, buses,
computers, telephones, fax machines, copiers,
air-conditioners, heaters, light bulbs, keys, etc.)
began as an "idea" in some person's head. Before
these "ideas" became products, they had to be
drawn on paper.
 Cont...
• The most common names associated with the
graphic language are:
– Drafting : represent all graphic languages.
– Technical Drawing : Any drawing which expresses
technical ideas, including sketches, instrument
drawings, charts, and illustrations. Eg. Technical
Sketching; Freehand.
 Cont…
• Technical Sketching: A technical drawing used to
proportion shape of ideas so that other can
understand the shape of things.
• Mechanical Drawing : A technical drawing made
with drafting instruments.
• Engineering Drawing : Drawing used by engineers
and other member of the design-engineering team
to describe the production of parts, shape, size and
material.
 Cont…
• Descriptive Geometry : The grammar of
graphic language, the basic principle set up
to use geometric descriptions for solving
two and three dimensional problems.
• Computer Graphics : Use of computer as
drafting instrument with printer or plotter.
• Technical drawing is the study of the
procedures, tools, supplies, skills and
techniques used to record and
communicate the shape and size of a
product.
 Cont...
Therefore Technical Drawing is a formal and
precise way of communicating information
about the shape, size, features and precision
of physical objects
LEVEL OF COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING TEAM DESIGN PROCESS
AND ITS FORMS

1. CREATIVE Scientist Problem Identification

COMMUNICATION Engineer – research Preliminary Ideas
• The Birth of an Idea Designer Analysis
• Sketches

2. TECHNICAL Engineer – Development Preliminary Ideas

COMMUNICATION Engineer – Design Refinement
Inter-professional Designer Analysis
• Sketches Technician
Decision
• Definition Stylist
Drafter
• Drawings
Craftsperson
3. MARKET Engineer – Development Refinement
COMMUNICATION Design Analysis
Presentation for Client Designer – Illustrator Decision
 Drawings Stylist Implementation
 Renderings Drafter
 Flow Diagrams
 Charts

4.CONSTRUCTION Engineer – Construction Implementation

COMMUNICATION Engineer – production Supervision
 Detail for the Builder Engineer – operation Logistics
 Engineering blue prints Drafter Revisions
 Architectural Blueprints Craftsperson
 Flow Diagram
 Cont…

• Three Basic Types of

Technical Drawings
– Freehand sketches

– Instrument drawings

– Computer drawings
and models
 Cont…
• There are two principles in drawing
– Visualization
• The ability to see what an object looks like in the mind
of eye.
– Implementation
• Drawing of an object that has been visualized
 Cont…
• Study of drawing can be categorized as
– Plane geometry
• Representation of an object having two dimensions
– Solid geometry
• Representing three dimensions of objects
 Cont…
• Present 3-D objects with 2-D media
• Two Basic Categories
• 2-D 3-D
 Cont….
• Mechanical drawing for Engineers
– Advantage
• It is technical
• Exact
• Clearest way to communicate
• It is a universal language
– Disadvantage
• Time consuming to produce
• It needs skill
 Cont…

• Communication distance is a factor for

selection of graphic language.
Engineers + Designers

Sketch

Feed Drafts man Sketch

Back
Mechanical
Drawing

TECHNICIANS
 Cont…
• Sketches
– describe the concept in general
• Layout
– show the relationships of parts and defines key
dimensions
• Details
• Assembly
• Pictorial
– for technical manuals, sales literature, or Internet
 Cont…
• Production Drawings
– Used to:
• transmit and communicate information for the
production of objects and assemblies (critical in
concurrent engineering environment!)
– Classified in two major categories:
• detail drawings
• assembly drawings
 Drawing representation
• Detail drawing
– Drawings of single parts
– May be drawn one part per sheet
– May be several parts detailed on a large sheet
– Include info such as dimensions and notes relating
to material, finish, weight, or tolerance
– includes all of the information needed to fabricate
the part.
 Cont…
• Assembly Drawings
– Show how parts fit together or are functionally
related
– Dimensions typically refer to relationships among
the parts
– Often a bill of materials (listing of all parts
necessary to make up the total assembly) is
included.
 Cont…

• An assembly drawing is handy

for
– Manufacturer,
– Who works in construction,
– Who works in Installation,
– Technician servicing a
product.
 Cont…
• Exploded pictorial drawings
– Represent several parts assembled according to
the axes of their assembly
– Parts are not shown assembled but are moved
apart along the principal axes of the product
– Typically not dimensioned
– Helpful for assembly purposed on the production
line
 Cont…

• Exploded pictorial
drawings
– shows all of the
components spread out,
or exploded. so you can
see what each part
looks like.
– frequently used in
illustrated parts
manuals and service
bulletins.
 Cont…
• Schematic diagram
– shows the relative location of all of the parts in a
system, but does not give the location of the
parts.
– Schematic drawing are of great help when
troubleshooting a system.
 Cont…

• Installation Drawing
– Required when an assembly
or group of assemblies is
installed
– An installation drawing
shows the location of the
parts and assemblies the
completed product and
identifies all of the detail
parts used in the installation.
1.4 Revision of Descriptive Geometry

objective is to remind:
– Care and use of drawing instruments and
material
– Conventional lines
– Title block and Border lines
– Laying out of the paper
– Free hand Lettering
– Neatness of drawing
a) Care and use of drawing instrument and
materials
• In engineering drawing any object is
represented by straight lines and/or curves.
These lines should be drawn as accurate as
possible by the help of drawing instruments.
• Quality of a drawing depends to a large extent
on the quality , adjustment, proper use and
care of drawing instruments.
 Cont…
• List of drawing instruments
– Drawing board
– Drawing sheets
– T-square, or parallel-ruling straightedge, or drafting
machine
– Drafting tape
– Drafting pencils
– Pencil sharpener
– Lettering instrument
 Cont…
– Eraser
– Erasing shield
– Triangle (Set-square) (450 and 300 - 600)
– Architect’s or engineer’s scale
– Irregular curves (French curve)
– Drawing instrument set (Compass, Divider, extensions)
– Protractor
– Templates
 Cont…
• Drawing broad
– Drawing tables come in many different size and
design. It could be fixed, movable, with drawer,
adjustable, etc.
– They are used to attach drawing sheet.
– Keep your drawing table clean and dry not to
affect your drawing quality.
– Don’t use blades to cut drafting tapes on drawing
table.
 Cont…
US CUSTOMARY ISO STANDARD
• Drawing sheet SERIES
– made from different
materials with different Size First Second Size Third series
serie serie
quality. s s
– Paper, tracing paper.
A 81/2 x 11 9 x 12 A0 841 x 1189
– Drawing sheets will
determine selection of B 11 x 17 12 x 18 A1 594 x 841
pencil grade
C 17 x 22 18 x 24 A2 420 x 594

D 22 x 34 24 x 36 A3 297 x 420

E 34 x 44 36 x 48 A4 210 x 297
 Cont…

• T-square
– They can be made from
different materials, mostly
from wood or plastic.
– Parts: blade and head
– two edges of the blade should
be parallel.
– The head is fixed at 900 to the
blade
– The cleanness of your T –
square greatly affect your
drawing quality and
cleanliness.
 Cont…
• Used for
– Drawing horizontal
lines
– Guiding triangles
– Position drawing paper
 Cont…

• Drawing pencils
– Most drawing pencil leads are made from
graphite. They are usually made in 17 degrees
of hardness.
• 6B(softest and blackest) • H (medium hard)
• 5B(extremely soft) • 2H (hard)
• 4B extra soft) • 3H (hard, plus)
• 3B (very soft) • 4H (very hard)
• 2B (soft, plus) • 5H (extra hard)
• B (soft) • 6H (extra hard, plus)
• HB (medium soft) • 7H (extremely hard)
• F (intermediate, between • 8H (extremely hard, plus)
soft and hard) • 9H (Hardest)
 Cont...

Pencil grades Strength Application

9H, 8H, 7H, 6H Hard Light constructions
5H, 4H Medium hard Dimensioning, center
lines, invisible object
lines
3H, 2H Medium Visible object lines

H, F Medium soft Lettering and free hand

sketching
HB, B Soft

2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B Softness increases

in the given order
 Cont…
• Drawing pencils
– Selection of drawing pencil
• type and quality of drawing paper
• how thick and dark you wand the line to be.
– Pencil lines should be clean and sharp. They must be dark
enough for the views to be seen when the standard lines
are drawn.
– If you use too much pressure, you will groove the drawing
surface. You can avoid this if you use proper grade of lead.
– Turn the pencil between your thumb and forefinger as you
draw a line.
 Cont…

• Drawing instrument set

– It may include compass with pen part and pencil part,
divider, lengthening bar, bow pen, bow pencil and
ruling pens
– Dividers:- used to transfer distance
– Compass:- used to draw circles or arcs (which are parts
of a circle)
• French Curves
– Used to draw irregular curves
– It is available to align at least three points the
curve to be drawn
 Cont…
• Triangles
– Used to draw lines at standard angles and by
connecting any two points
• Template Used to draw
– circles of different diameters
– Ellipse various size
– Bolt heads etc
 Cont…

• Scale Enlarged Same size Reduced

 made from different 2000:1

1000:1 1:1 1:2

materials.
500:1 1:5
 made with different
200:1 1:10
division
100:1 1:20
 Metric Scales
50:1 1:50
• Metric scales are divided
into millimeters. 20:1 1:100

10:1 1:200
NOTE:- USING PROPER SCALE YOU 5:1 1:500
CAN READ FULL SIZE
MEASUREMENTS FROM 2:1 1:1000
DRAWINGS.
 b) Conventional of lines
TYPE OF LINES ILUSTRATION APPLICATION
Continuous thick line Visible outlines (boundary lines)

Continuous thin line Dimension lines, leader lines, extension

lines, construction lines & hatching
(Section) lines.
Continuous thin wavy Irregular boundary lines, short break lines,
line (drawn free hand)
Long break lines.
Continuous thin line
with ZIGZAG.
Short dash Invisible edges
Locus lines center lines,
Long chain thin line

Long chain thick at Cutting plane lines.

ends and thin
elsewhere.
Long thin chain with Phantom line, show alternate position
two dash lines
Cont…
 c) Borders and Title Blocks
• Borders
– provides a safety area to prevent the loss of
important information
– approve appearance for presentation purposes
• Title Blocks
– some items standard: drawing number, sheet
number, title, company name, logo, scale, date,
tolerances, drafter, checker, supervisor
 d) Laying out of the paper
• Before start drawing, prepare drawing
instruments and clean them properly
• The drawing table is to be set in the way of
light comes from the left
• Attach the paper near the left edge or position
at equal distance in all directions
cont…
 e) Free Hand Lettering
• Lettering plays a major role in overall
appearance of a drawing.
• Lettering should be executed in one stroke
• Vertical lettering
• Horizontal lettering
 Basic Strokes
Straight Slanted Horizontal Curved

Examples : Application of basic stroke

4 5
“I” letter 1 “A” letter 1 2 “B” letter 1

3 6

3
2
 Suggested Strokes Sequence
Upper-case letters & Numerals

Straight line
letters

Curved line
letters

Curved line
letters &
Numerals
 Suggested Strokes Sequence

Lower-case letters

The text’ s body height is about 2/3 the height of a capital

letter.
 Stroke Sequence
I L T F

E H
 Stroke Sequence

V X W
 Stroke Sequence

N M K Z

Y A 4
 Stroke Sequence

O Q C G
 Stroke Sequence
D U P B

R J 1 2
 Stroke Sequence

5 7
 Stroke Sequence
S 0 3 6

8 9
Stroke Sequence

l i
Stroke Sequence
v w x k

z
Stroke Sequence

j y f t

r
 Stroke Sequence

c o a b

d p q e
Stroke Sequence
g n m h

u s
 Word Composition
Observe the following word

Spacing
JIRAPONG
Contour |||| \ \ | )( )| |(
/
General conclusions are:
Space between the letters depends on the contour of
the letters at an adjacent side.
Good spacing creates approximately equal background
area between letters.
 Space between Letters
1. Straight - Straight 3. Straight - Slant

2. Straight - Curve 4. Curve - Curve

 Space between Letters
5. Curve - Slant 6. Slant - Slant

7. The letter “L” and “T”

≡ slant slant

slant
≡ straight
Example : Good and Poor Lettering
GOOD

Not uniform in style.

Not uniform in height.

Not uniformly vertical or inclined.

Not uniform in thickness of stroke.

Area between letters not uniform.

Area between words not uniform.

 Sentence Composition

Leave the space between words equal to the space

requires for writing a letter “O”.

Example

ALL O DIMENSIONS O ARE OIN

MILLIMETERS O UNLESS
OTHERWISE O SPECIFIED.
 f) Neatness of a drawing
• Should be complete and unambiguous
• Should be neat and easy to read
• Use only as many views as necessary to show
all required detail
• Apply tolerances realistically - overly tight
tolerances can add a great deal of additional
cost with little or not added value to the part
The END of PART I