ROBOTIC PROGRAMMING

COMPONENTS
NDERERE TAFADZWA(D21100682N)
PIC(Programmable PLC(Programmabl Raspberry Pi
Interface e Logic Controller)
Controller)
 PIC(Programmable interface Controller)

 A PIC , also known as a Programmable Intelligent

Computer, is a family of microcontrollers developed by
Microchip Technology used in embedded systems to
perform tasks.
 They come as 8 bit- PIC, 16 bit- PIC Or 32bit- PIC.
 It works by executing a series of instructions stored in its
memory to perform specific tasks.
 Low power consumption
 Real-time processing
 Requires embedded programming (C, C++, Assembly)
 Small and efficient
 Architecture

 The PIC18F4550 has been chosen to describe the

architecture and other features due its moderate
complexity.
 PIC microcontrollers are based on advanced RISC
architecture, which stands for Reduced Instruction Set
Computing.
 PIC microcontrollers follow Harvard architecture for
internal data transfer.
 In Harvard architecture there are two separate
memories for program and data.
 These two memories are accessed through different
buses for data communication between memories and
CPU core.
 PIC18 series controllers are based on 16-bit instruction
set.
 Architecture

 PIC18 is an 8-bit microcontroller’ this statement means

that the CPU core can receive/transmit or process a
maximum of 8-bit data at a time and the statement
‘PIC18 microcontrollers are based on 16-bit instruction
set’ means that the assembly instruction sets are of 16-
bit.
 The data memory is interfaced with 8-bit bus and
program memory is interfaced with 16-bit bus as
depicted in the following figure
 PIC18 Havard Architecture
 PIC microcontroller contains an 8-bit ALU
(Arithmetic Logic Unit) and an 8-bit Working
Register (Accumulator). There are different GPRs
(General Purpose Registers) and SFRs (Special
Function Registers) in a PIC microcontroller. The
overall system performs 8-bit arithmetic and logic
functions.
 These functions usually need one or two operands.
One of the operands is stored in WREG
(Accumulator) and the other one is stored in
GPR/SFR. The two data is processed by ALU and
stored in WREG or other registers.
 Key Functional Components

The PIC18F consists of the following key components:

 I/O Ports
 Memory sections(Flash memory, EEPROM and SRAM
 Oscillator
 8*8 Multipler
 ADC interface
 Timers/Counter
 Interrupts
 EUSART
 ICSP(In Circuit Serial Programming and ICD(In Circuit
Debugger)
 SPI(Serial Peripherial Interface)
 IIC(Inter-integrated Circuit)
 Applications

 Drone Flight Controllers – Controls navigation,

stabilization, and communication in UAVs.
 Spacecraft Monitoring Systems – Used in low-power
embedded systems for satellites.
 Missile Guidance Systems – Processes real-time data
for target tracking and adjustments.sensors, and
display panels in home appliances.
 Engine Control Units (ECUs) – Manages fuel injection,
ignition timing, and emissions.
 Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) – Uses sensors and a
PIC microcontroller to improve braking efficiency.
 Car Dashboard Systems – Displays speed, fuel levels,
and alerts using a microcontroller.
 PLC-Based Control Systems – Used in industrial
automation to monitor and control machines.
 Robotics – Controls robotic arms and motion tracking
systems.
 Smart Sensors – Monitors temperature, pressure, and
vibration in industrial machinery.
 PLC (Programmable Logic
Controller
 A programmable Logic Controller(PLC) is a
specialized digital computer employed in industrial
settings for automation and control.
 Acting as the central brain of machinery and
processes, PLCs receive input from sensors, process
the data through programmed logic, and generate
output signals to control devices like motors and
valves. PLCs are ruggedized for harsh industrial
environments and play a crucial role in automating
tasks and reducing manufacturing and energy.
 Their modular design allows scalability, making
them versatile components in modern industrial
control systems.
 Rugged and industrial-grade
 Uses Ladder Logic for programming
 Modular I/O expansion
 High reliability for continuous operation
 Main Components of a
PLC
Their are mainly 6 major part of a PLC that are :
 Processor

 Memory(RAM/ ROM)

 Input device

 Output device

 Power supply

 Programming device
Basic Architecture block
Diagram
 Basic Architecture block
Diagram
 There are main four part of a PLC, input and output
module, controller and a power supply.

 First supply current goes to the power supply

machine which is 220v AC, later it is divided into
three parts and converts it from AC to DC. Both of the
two input and output module takes 24v DC current
and the main controller part takes 5v DC current.

 Input part takes signal from sensor and other devices,

and passes it to the PLC main part.

 The main controller part sends the signal to the CPU,

then starts executing its program in compiler from
the memory. After that the program creates a
instruction signal, which goes to the output module.

 The output module receives type signal and sends it

to the external devices like motor, valve etc. which
will execute the instruction by controlling the system
according to the instruction.
 Digital and
Features
analogof
I/OPLC
: It can handle both digital
and analog signals from the sensor and other input
device and allows a wide range of input.
 Scalability : Many PLCs offer modulation in their
setting by expanding the input/output number or
CPUs to accomodate the changing requirements.
 Communication interfaces : PLCs support various
communication devices and protocol like ethernet,
modbus to devices like CPU monitor and control
systems.
 Programming Language : It allows different
programming languages like ladder logic, structured
text, function block diagram etc. to the user.
 Real-Time monitoring : PLCs operate in real-time by
continuously scanning and processing input signals
to make rapid decisions and update output devices
with minimal delay.
 Mathematical Functions : PLCs support
mathematical functions and calculations. enabling
users to perform computations within the control
 Applications of PLC

 Manufacturing Automation: PLCs are extremely

used in manufacturing industries for automating
processes such as assembly lines, packaging, and
material handling.
 Process Control : In industries like chemical,
petrochemical, and pharmaceuticals, PLCs play a
crucial role in controlling and monitoring complex
process.
 Water treatment and Distributions: PLCs are
employed in water treatment plants to control the
purification process, monitor water quality, and
manage the distribution of water in a network.
 Food and Beverage Industry : PLCs can be used in
food processing plants for tasks like mixing, backing
packaging, quality control etc.
 Raspberry pi

 Raspberry pi is the name of the “credit card-sized

computer board” developed by the Raspberry pi
foundation, based in the U.K.

 It gets plugged in a TV or monitor and provides a fully

functional computer capability.

 It also provides a set of general purpose input/output

pins allowing you to control electronic
components(accessories) for physical computing and
explore the Internet of Things (IOT).
main blocks of Raspberry
Pi
Basic Architecture Diagram
 Application
1. Smart Home of raspberry
Automation Pi
 Controls lights, appliances, and security cameras
remotely.
2. AI & Machine Learning
 Runs object detection, facial recognition, and AI
chatbots.
3. IoT (Internet of Things) Projects
 Connects sensors for real-time data collection
and remote monitoring.
4. Robotics & Drones
 Powers autonomous robots and AI-driven
drones.
5. Industrial Automation
 Monitors and controls machines in factories.
6. Security & Surveillance
 AI-based CCTV, motion detection, and home
security alerts.
7. Web Server & Cloud Hosting
 Key Features

 Runs a full Linux OS (Raspberry Pi OS, Ubuntu,

etc.)

 Supports Python, C++, Java, and more

 Built-in Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and Ethernet

 Can run AI, IoT, and multimedia applications

 It come with various variations (Pi zero, Pi Pico, pi

model A, Pi model B etc)
 Comparison advantages
PIC(Programmable PLC(Programmabl Raspberry Pi
Interface e Logic Controller)
Controller)
  Highly Reliable – Designed for  High Processing Power –
Low Power Consumption – Can handle multiple
Ideal for battery-powered industrial environments.
 Modular & Expandable – Can applications at once.
applications.  Flexible & Versatile – Can
 Highly Customizable – Can be add extra I/O modules.
 Real-Time Control – Works be used for IoT, AI,
tailored for specific embedded networking, and more.
applications. perfectly for factory automation.
 Easy to Maintain – Designed  Supports Multiple
 Real-Time Performance –
for non-programmers in Programming Languages –
Dedicated to running one task Python, C++, Java, etc.
efficiently. industrial settings.
Internet & Wireless
 Cost-Effective – Very cheap Connectivity – Wi-Fi,
compared to PLCs and Bluetooth, Ethernet.
Raspberry Pi
 Comparison disadvantages
Raspberry Pi
PIC(Programmable PLC(Programmabl
Interface e Logic Controller)
Controller)  Expensive – Costs more than  Not Real-Time – Runs on
 Limited Processing
PIC and Raspberry Pi. Linux, so it cannot provide
Power – Not suitable for precise timing for
 Limited Programming
complex tasks like AI or industrial automation.
networking. Flexibility – Only supports
Ladder Logic and function  Not Rugged – Sensitive to
 No Built-in Network
blocks, which are not good for heat, dust, and electrical
Connectivity – Needs AI or networking. noise, unlike a PLC.
external Wi-Fi or
 No Built-in Internet  Requires External Power –
Ethernet modules.
Connectivity – Needs extra Not suitable for battery-
 Complex Programming –
hardware for remote access. operated applications like
Requires C, C++, or a PIC.
 Not Suitable for Advanced
Assembly, which is harder
Computing – Cannot run Linux,  Not Optimized for
for beginners.
Python, or AI applications. Industrial Automation –
 Limited Memory &
Lacks real-time control
Storage – RAM and Flash features needed for PLC
 Which one should you choose?
Raspberry Pi
PIC(Programmable PLC(Programmabl
Interface e Logic Controller)
Controller)  Choose a PLC if you need a  Choose a Raspberry Pi if you
 Choose a PIC rugged, reliable, and industry- need a powerful, multi-
Microcontroller if you need standard automation controller functional system for IoT, AI,
a low-power, cost-effective, that can operate continuously. networking, or multimedia
real-time processing applications.
solution for embedded
systems.
The end