Fundamentals of Analog Transmission

Undergraduate Program
School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
Sub Topics
· Fundamentals of Analog Transmission (Chapters 2 and 3)
· Analog Transmission
· Analog Transmission Basics
· Linear (Amplitude) Modulation
· Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier AM; Conventional AM; Single
Sideband AM; Vestigial-sideband AM
· Generation of Linear modulated signals
· Non-Liner(Angle) Modulation
· Frequency and Phase modulation
· Generation and Demodulation of Analog Modulated Signals

· Effect of Noise on Analog Communication Systems (Chapter 5)

· Effect of Noise on Linear-Modulation Systems
· Effect of Noise on Angle Modulation
· Threshold Effect on Angle Modulation ; Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis Filtering

Sem. I, 2022/23 2
Communication Systems

· The block diagram on the top shows the blocks common to

all communication systems
Sem. I, 2022/23 3
Analog Transmission

· The conventional communication system has

· a modulator producing a signal transmitted over a channel (a
cable or radio propagation) and a demodulator takes this signal
and constructs an estimate of the transmitted message signal.

Music - Broadcast radio,

Voice - Citizen band radio, Amateur radio, Walkie-
Talkies, Cellular radio,
Video - Broadcast television.

Sem. I, 2022/23 4
Modulation Process
· Modulation: transforming an information-bearing signal m(t)
(lowpass) into a narrowband bandpass signal x(t)
· m(t) is also called the modulating signal

modulated
signal
Modulation
information or
modulating
signal

carrier signal

Sem. I, 2022/23 5
Why do we need Modulation/Demodulation?
· Frequency Translation
· Narrowband communication
· Adjustments in the bandwidth is allowed.

· Reception quality improves.

· Reduction of noise/interference
· Atmospheric/cable properties

· Frequency characteristics of antennas

· Antenna size gets reduced.

· Multiplexing
· Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)
· Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)
· Time division multiplexing (TDM)
· Code division multiplexing (CDM)
· Space division Multiplexing (SDM)

Sem. I, 2022/23 6
Frequency Translation
· The modulation process shifts the modulating frequency to
a higher frequency, which in turn depends on the carrier
frequency, thus producing upper and lower sidebands.
· Hence, signals are up-converted from low frequencies to
high frequencies and down-converted from high
frequencies to low frequencies in the receiver.

· The process of converting a frequency or a band of

frequencies to another location in the frequency spectrum
is called frequency translation.

Sem. I, 2022/23 7
Frequency characteristics of antennas

Sem. I, 2022/23 8
Multiplexing : Sharing a Medium
· When more than one application or connection share the
capacity of one channel, it is called multiplexing.
· This results in better utilization of resources.
· A typical example is, many conversations over telephone
line, trunk line, wireless channel, etc
· For example, a copper cable has a bandwidth of 100's of Mhz. Baseband
speech is a only a few kHz

· If the analog signals are multiplexed, then it is called as analog

multiplexing. Similarly, if the digital signals are multiplexed, then it is
called as digital multiplexing.

Sem. I, 2022/23 9
Multiplexing (Cont…)
· The process of multiplexing divides a communication channel into
several number of logical channels, allotting each one for a different
message signal or a data stream to be transferred.
· The device that does multiplexing can be called as Multiplexer or MUX.
· The reverse process, i.e., extracting the number of channels from one,
which is done at the receiver is called as de-multiplexing.
· The device that does de-multiplexing can be called as de-multiplexer or DEMUX.

Sem. I, 2022/23 10
Types of Multiplexers

Multiplexing

Analog Digital

Frequency Wavelength Time Code

Division Division Division Division
Multiplexing Multiplexing Multiplexing Multiplexing

· .

Sem. I, 2022/23 11
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

· Assignment of non-overlapping frequency ranges to each “user” or

signal on a medium. Thus, all signals are transmitted at the same
time, each using different frequencies.
· Broadcast radio and television, cable television, and cellular phone
systems use frequency division multiplexing.
k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6
c
f

Sem. I, 2022/23 12
FDM (Cont.… )

· A user gets a certain band of the spectrum for the whole time

· Advantages:
· No dynamic coordination
necessary
· Works also for analog signals

· Disadvantages:
· Inflexible

· Guard spaces

· more susceptible to noise

Sem. I, 2022/23 13
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

· Sharing of the signal is accomplished by

dividing available transmission time on a
medium among users.

· A User gets the whole spectrum for a

certain amount of time k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6

· Digital signaling is used exclusively.

c
f
· Classified into Synchronous TDM and
Asynchronous TDM.

Sem. I, 2022/23 14
TDM E.g. (Cont.… )
· Synchronous TDM
· the input is connected to a frame. If there are ‘n’ number of connections, then the
frame is divided into ‘n’ time slots. One slot is allocated for each input line.
· In this technique, the sampling rate is common for all signals and hence the same
clock input is given. The MUX allocates the same slot to each device at all times.

· Asynchronous TDM
· the sampling rate is different for each of the signals and a common clock is not
required. If the allotted device for a time slot transmits nothing and sits idle, then
that slot can be allotted to another device, unlike synchronous

Sem. I, 2022/23 15
TDM E.g. (Cont.… )
· T-1 telephone lines are common examples of synchronous TDM
· Advantages:
· Only one carrier in the medium at any time
· Throughput high at high utilization

· Disadvantages:
· Precise synchronization necessary
· Long delays at low utilization
· Line will require as much bandwidth as all the bandwidths of the
sources

Sem. I, 2022/23 16
Code Division Multiplexing (CDM)
· An advanced technique that allows
multiple devices to transmit on the
same frequencies at the same time
using different codes k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6
· Each channel has a unique code
· Used in Mobile Communication c

· unique “code” assigned to each

user
· all users share same frequency,
f
but each user has own “chipping”
sequence (i.e., code) to encode
data
· allows multiple users to “coexist”
and transmit simultaneously with
minimal
t

Sem. I, 2022/23 17
Modulation Process (Cont.…)

Sem. I, 2022/23 18
Types of Analog Modulation
· Starting with a sinusoidal signal (carrier)
· Varying A=A(t) accordingly to m(t) – amplitude modulation (AM)
· Varying  = (t) according to m(t) – phase modulation (PM)
· Varying f=f(t) according to m(t) – frequency modulation (FM)
· FM and PM can be viewed as angle modulation

Sem. I, 2022/23 19
Cont.…
· Amplitude Modulation
(AM): varying the amplitude of
the carrier based on the
information signal as done for
radio channels that are
transmitted in the AM radio band.
· Phase Modulation (PM):
varying the phase of the carrier
based on the information signal.
· Frequency Modulation
(FM): varying the frequency of
the carrier based on the
information signal as done for
channels transmitted in the FM
radio band.

Sem. I, 2022/23 20
 Linear Modulation Techniques
(Amplitude Modulation)

Undergraduate Program
School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
Amplitude Modulation
· Information-bearing signal m(t) is impressed onto the
carrier amplitude.
· Four types of AM
1. Double sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC)
2. Conventional
3. Single sideband (SSB)
· Can be lower or upper (LSB/USB)
4. Vestigial sideband (VSB)
· Relevant parameters
· Spectral characteristics and bandwidth
· Modulation index
· Power efficiency

Sem. I, 2022/23 22
Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC)
· A DSB-SC AM signal is obtained by multiplying the message signal
with the carrier

𝑚(𝑡) × 𝑆 ( 𝑡 )=𝑚 ( 𝑡 ) c (𝑡 )
𝑆 ( 𝑡 )= 𝐴𝑐 𝑚(𝑡)𝐶𝑜𝑠(2 𝜋 𝑓 𝑐 𝑡)
𝑐 (𝑡 )

· Spectrum:

Sem. I, 2022/23 23
Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC)
· Magnitude of the spectrum of the message signal m(t) has
been translated or shifted in frequency by an amount ·

· What do you see on spectrum analyzer?

· Bandwidth? Power efficiency? PSD?

· Bandwidth occupancy:
Where the bandwidth of the message signal is and .

Sem. I, 2022/23 24
DSB-SC AM…

• Examples of
message, carrier,
and DSB-SC-
modulated
signals.

Sem. I, 2022/23 25
DSB-SC AM…

Upper sideband (USB) of

Lower sideband (LSB) of

· Magnitude and phase

spectra of the
message signal and
the DSB AM-
modulated signal

Sem. I, 2022/23 26
Example:
Suppose that the modulating signal is a sinusoid of the form )
where .
4 6
𝑓 𝑚 =10 𝐻 𝑧 , 𝑓 𝑐 =10 𝐻 𝑧
· Determine the DSB-SC AM signal and its upper and lower sidebands.

𝑆 ( 𝑡 ) = 𝐴 𝑐 𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑠 ¿

𝐴𝑐 𝑚
𝑆 ( 𝑡 )= ¿
2

Sem. I, 2022/23 27
Message signal

Sem. I, 2022/23 28
Message signal
· Spectral representation of m(t)

Sem. I, 2022/23 29
Example…(cont.)
· The modulated signal in the frequency domain will have the
following form:

𝐴𝑐 𝑚
[
𝑆 ( 𝑓 ) = 𝛿 ( 𝑓 − ( 𝑓 𝑐 −𝑓 𝑚))+ 𝛿 ( 𝑓 + ( 𝑓 𝑐 − 𝑓 𝑚)) +𝛿 ( 𝑓 − ( 𝑓 𝑐 − 𝑓 𝑚)) +𝛿 ( 𝑓 +( 𝑓 𝑐 −𝑓 𝑚) )
4
]

𝑩𝑾 =𝒇 𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝒇 𝒎𝒊𝒏=𝟐𝟎 𝑲𝑯𝒛

Sem. I, 2022/23 30
Power Content of DSB-SC Signals

where indicates the power in the message signal .

· In Example 1, determine the power in the modulated signal

and the power in each of the sidebands.

Sem. I, 2022/23 31
Advantages/Disadvantages of DSB-SC
· Advantages
· High power efficiency
· If message m(t) > 0, envelope detection is possible

· Disadvantages
· Double the baseband bandwidth
· Complex reception (some form of carrier recovery is required)
· Pilot tone may be required to simplify demodulation

Sem. I, 2022/23 32
Conventional AM
· How to simplifying the receiver?
· General form:
· m(t) must be constrained: -1  m(t)

Sem. I, 2022/23 33
Conventional AM - General Case
· General form:
· Modulated signal spectrum

· Measured by spectrum analyzer: no infinite height for delta

function in practice

Sem. I, 2022/23 34
Conventional AM - Sinusoidal Modulation
· Modulated signal:

· Minimum and maximum carrier amplitudes

· Modulation index:

Sem. I, 2022/23 35
Conventional AM - Sinusoidal Modulation

Sem. I, 2022/23 36
Example:
· Consider a 450 Hz single tone message signal used as dial
tone. If the signal is to be amplitude modulated and
transmitted at 10.5 KHz; 4
𝑓 𝑚 =450 𝐻 𝑧 , 𝑓 𝑐 =10 𝐻 𝑧
· Evaluate the
· Spectral characteristics and bandwidth
· Modulation index; Power efficiency
𝑆 ( 𝑡 )= 𝐴 𝑐 ¿

Sem. I, 2022/23 37
Example…(cont.)
· The modulated signal in the frequency domain will have the
following form:
𝑩𝑾 =𝒇 𝒎𝒂𝒙 −𝒇 𝒎𝒊𝒏= 900Hz
𝐴𝑐 𝑚
[
𝑆 ( 𝑓 ) = 𝛿 ( 𝑓 − ( 𝑓 𝑐 −𝑓 𝑚))+ 𝛿 ( 𝑓 + ( 𝑓 𝑐 − 𝑓 𝑚)) +𝛿 ( 𝑓 − ( 𝑓 𝑐 − 𝑓 𝑚)) +𝛿 ( 𝑓 +( 𝑓 𝑐 −𝑓 𝑚) )
4
]

Sem. I, 2022/23 38
Advantages/Disadvantages of Conventional AM
· Advantages
· Very simple demodulation (envelope detector)
· “Linear” modulation
· Disadvantages
· Low power efficiency
· Double the baseband bandwidth

Sem. I, 2022/23 39
Summary
· Conventional AM
· Time-domain and frequency-domain representations
· Power efficiency and bandwidth
· Generation (modulation) and demodulation of conventional
AM
· Double sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC)
· Spectrum
· Bandwidth
· Generation and demodulation of DSB-SC
· Advantages/disadvantages of conventional & DSB-SC AM

Sem. I, 2022/23 40
Overview
· Introduction
· Conventional AM
· Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier
· Single Sideband
· Vestigial-sideband

Sem. I, 2022/23 41
Single Sideband (SSB) AM
· Why SSB-AM?
· Spectral efficiency is of great importance
· Conventional and DSB-SC occupy twice the message
bandwidth
· All the information is contained in either half
· The other is redundant
· Spectral efficiency can be greatly (twice) increased by
transmitting one half

Sem. I, 2022/23 42
Generation of SSB: Analysis
· Hilbert transform can be effectively used
· Start with the message m(t) and show that USB (Upper
SSB) is given by

· Similarly, LSB can be expressed as

· In-phase and quadrature channels are required to generate

SSB

Sem. I, 2022/23 43
Frequency-Domain Viewpoint

· Spectra of individual components

· Use multiplication property of FT

Sem. I, 2022/23 44
Frequency-Domain Viewpoint …
· Combine the two expressions above
· USB:

· LSB:

Sem. I, 2022/23 45
Example: Sinusoidal Modulating Signal
· Assume that

· Then

· Obviously, this is LSB signal with one spectral component

only at (C-)

· Modulated signal
is just a sinusoidal

Sem. I, 2022/23 46
Sem. I, 2022/23 47
Overview
· Introduction
· Conventional AM
· Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier
· Single Sideband
· Vestigial-sideband

Sem. I, 2022/23 48
Vestigial-sideband (VSB) AM
· SSB can be simplified by allowing a part of the other
sideband to appear
· A filter implementation is feasible

Sem. I, 2022/23 49
VSB spectrum and Filter Response

Sem. I, 2022/23 50
Comparison of Conventional AM
· Conventional AM
· Simple to modulate and to demodulate, but low power efficiency
(33-50% max) and double the bandwidth
· DSB-SC
· High power efficiency, but more complex to modulate and
demodulate, doubles the bandwidth
· SSB
· High power efficiency, the same (message) bandwidth, but more
difficult to modulate and demodulate
· VSB
· Lower power efficiency and larger bandwidth but easier to
implement

Sem. I, 2022/23 51