Computer and

Telecommunications
Networks
INS3109
Members
Nguyễn Đức Mạnh Nguyễn Lương Hưng
21070805 210
Table of contents

Problem-solving Mathematical
01 02
strategies modeling
Critical thinking skills and Analyzing and interpreting
mathematical reasoning mathematical models

Mathematics in Mathematics and

03 04
everyday life technology
Identifying mathematical Integration of technology
concepts in real-world tools in mathematical
scenarios exploration
Table of contents
Internet Control Message IP Addressing, IP
The Internet Layer
Protocol (ICMP) and Terminology and The
Protocols And IP
Address Resolution Hierarchical IP
Protocol Protocol (ARP) Addressing Scheme
Engage with peers' Justify mathematical
mathematical solutions, providing
explanations and proof to validate
provide feedback conclusions

Private IP IPv4 Address

Network
Addresses (RFC Types
Addressing
1918) The use of diagrams,
Structure mathematical
Range Of Network graphs, and charts to
reasoning coherently in
Address : A,B,C,D supplement written
a logical sequence
explanations
Introduction
Modern computer networks operate on the foundation of the Internet Protocol (IP),
which plays a critical role in connecting and transmitting data. This thesis focuses on
essential aspects of IP, including the structure of the Internet layer protocols, concepts
and classifications of IP addresses, network terminology, and ranges of network
addresses.

Additionally, the thesis delves into specific IPv4 address types such as Unicast,
Multicast, and Broadcast, as well as the classification of addresses into Classes A, B, and
C, and private IP addressing. By exploring these topics, the thesis aims to provide a
comprehensive understanding of how IP networks function and offer essential
knowledge for efficient network management and operation.
 01
The Internet Layer
Protocols And IP
Protocol

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 The Internet layer has two
purposes: routing and giving
Application
the higher levels a single
network interface.
THE
Routing is a complicated Transport
INTERNET and crucial task that is
solely the responsibility of
LAYER the Internet layer.
Internet

PROTOCOLS The second responsibility of

the Internet layer is to give
the upper-layer protocols a Link
single network interface
• IP is where all network
roads lead. Every route
via the DoD model
passes via IP. The key
Internet layer protocols
that I
will show now below:
1.·Internet Protocol (IP)
2.·Internet Control
Message Protocol (ICMP)
3.·Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP)
 IP
ICP ARP
Protocols

IP checks the address, then transmits Internet Protocol (IP) is supported by

a packet, and determine the the various protocols
destination.
An IP address is a logical identifier Examples of
shared by all hosts on a network. protocols:
• HTTP
IP receives Host-to-Host and, if required, • HTTPS
breaks them up into datagrams (packets). • SMTP
• IMAP
• FTP
 An IP header is shown in Figure 3.15.
This will help you understand the process that the IP protocol
must go through each time user data is transmitted from the top
layers to a remote network.
IP is explicitly instructed to pass
the segment to TCP in the
example above.

When the Network layer has to

pass a packet to the upper-layer
protocols, Figure 3.16 shows
how it perceives the protocols at
the Transport layer.
• The Protocol element
in this example
instructs IP to deliver
the message to either
UDP port 17 or TCP
port 6
• -Other well-known
protocols that can be
defined in the Protocol
field are listed in this
table.
 02
Internet Control Message Protocol
(ICMP)
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
 ICMP AP

In essence, ICMP is an IP The following are some common events and

management protocol and messages that ICMP relates to:
messaging service provider. - Destination unreachable

• They can alert hosts

of issues with the
network.
• They're contained in
IP datagrams
The Lab_B router will
reply to the
transmitting device
• Buffer full/source quench
An ICMP message alert will
be sent out by a router
• Hops/time exceeded There
is a certain number of
routers, or hops, that each
IP datagram can traverse
through
• Ping ICMP echo request
and reply messages
• Traceroute Traceroute is
used to find the path
 This figure depicts an
internetwork, it must be an
internetwork since it has a
router
As a result, the router will
reply with an ICMP
destination unreachable to
Server 1.
 IP ARP

Using a known IP address, Address Resolution

Protocol (ARP) determines a host's hardware
address

ARP investigates the local network in its

capacity as an IP investigator by broadcasting
a request for the machine with the specified IP
address to respond with its hardware address
 0
3
IP Addressing, IP Terminology
and The Hierarchical IP
Addressing Scheme
 IP
Addressi
ng
IP addressing is among the most
crucial subjects in any TCP/IP
debate.

An IP address is a software address

rather than a hardware address,
which is used to locate hosts on a
local network and is hard-coded on
a network interface card (NIC)

Understanding some of the

fundamentals of IP addressing is
necessary before moving on to the
more complex parts.
 IP Terminology

Bit Byte

One digit, either a 1 A byte can have seven or eight bits,

or a 0, is called a bit. depending on whether parity is
applied.

Network address Broadcast address

When sending packets to a distant The broadcast address is the
network, this identification is address that hosts and apps use to
utilized in routing; deliver data to every node on a
network
 The Hierarchical IP
Addressing Scheme

Each of the four portions

that make up these bits—
known as octets or bytes—
contains one byte (8 bits).

Another way to think of

The IP address is
this two- or three-level
represented by each of
approach is as a phone
these samples.
number.

Unlike a flat or
nonhierarchical
address, the 32-bit IP
address is organized or
hierarchical.
 04
Network Addressing

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Network Addressing

A network address, or network number, uniquely identifies a network, and all

devices on the same network share this address as part of their IP address. For
example, in the IP address 172.16.30.56, the network address is 172.16.

The node address, or host address, uniquely identifies a specific device within the
network. It distinguishes an individual device from the group. In the example
172.16.30.56, the node address is 30.56.

To accommodate varying network sizes, the Internet's designers created classes of

networks: Class A for a few networks with many nodes, Class C for many networks
with few nodes, and Class B for networks of medium size. The division between
network and node addresses depends on the network’s class.
 Summary of the four
classes of networks

1. Class A: The first bit of the first byte is always 0, defining the range 0–127 in the first octet. However, 0
and 127 are reserved, leaving valid addresses between 1 and 126.
2. Class B: The first bit is 1, and the second is 0, resulting in a range of 128–191 in the first octet.
3. Class C: The first two bits are 1, and the third is 0, creating a range of 192–223 in the first octet.
4. Classes D and E: Addresses from 224–239 (Class D) are used for multicast, while 240–255 (Class E) are
reserved for experimental purposes.
5. Each class is defined by specific binary patterns in the first octet, dictating its valid address range and use
case.
Class A,B,C Address
Class Definition Format Limited (1)

Deep, insightful Limited

A mastery of NETWORK.HOST.HOST.HOST understanding,
concepts frequent errors

For Class C
networks, the
first two bits of Limited ability,
B the first octet NETWORK.HOST.HOST.HOST frequent
always turned on, challenges
but the third bit
can never be on

Struggles to
Clear, precise NETWORK.NETWORK.NETWORK.HOS
C communicate
communication T
clearly
 05
Private IP Addresses (RFC
1918)

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Private IP Addresses (RFC 1918)
Private IP Addresses

Private IP addresses are non-routable on the Internet and are designed to provide security and conserve IP address
space. They allow organizations, ISPs, and individuals to use internal addresses while requiring only a small number of
real public IP addresses to connect to the Internet.

Through Network Address Translation (NAT), private IPs are translated into public IPs for Internet communication,
enabling multiple users to share a single public IP address. This approach ensures efficient use of the limited IP address
space and is widely adopted for economic and practical reasons.

● The RFC1918 address space includes the following networks:

● 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 (10/8 prefix)
● 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 (172.16/12 prefix)
● 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 (192.168/16 prefix)
Private IP Addresses (RFC 1918)
 06
IPv4 Address

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How to solve
math problems
In the dynamic landscape of
mathematics, honing effective
problem-solving skills is paramount

● Analytical thinking
● Strategic planning
● Effective communication

In cultivating these problem-solving

skills, you will gain not only
mathematical proficiency but also
tools for addressing challenges across
disciplines
Patterns, precision and
problem-solving
Mathematics is the tool that turns curiosity into
discovery
 123,000
Numbers unfold as a canvas of infinite potential
Let’s use some percentages!

25% 50% 75%

Theory Foundation Exploration

25% of the math 50% of the curriculum is 75% of the curriculum
curriculum is dedicated spent creating a solid cultivates advanced
to theoretical understanding of maths analytical skills
knowledge
Milestones in mathematics
Gödel's Incompleteness
Euclid publishes "Elements" Theorem

300 BCE 1931

17th century 1994

The development of calculus Proof of Fermat's Last
Theorem
Display concepts visually

Concept 1 Concept 2
Briefly describe Briefly describe
the concept here the concept here

Concept 3 Concept 4
Briefly describe Briefly describe
the concept here the concept here

Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
Short answer questions
The students should read the following questions and answer them in their
paper. These questions require students to demonstrate their understanding of key
concepts
How would you write an algebraic expression for "three
1 times the sum of a number and 5"?

Can you explain the distinction between the area and

2 perimeter of a shape? Provide an example for each

What is the result when you add 1/3 and 1/4? Express
3 your answer as a simplified fraction
Real-life application
Divide the class into small groups of 3-5 students. Assign each group a real-life
application for which they will have to use math concepts to solve
Budgeting for a Architectural
trip design
Consider transportation, 1 2 Design a floor plan,
accommodation, meals and calculating the area of each
other activities room with proper
proportions
Topics
Personal finance Epidemiology
Include expenses like rent, 3 4 Using statistical methods,
utilities, groceries and analyze data on infection
entertainment and recovery rates
Mathematical investigation
Students will have to delve into a specific mathematical
concept or problem, explore it in-depth, and present their
findings

1.Choose a number sequence: Ask each student to

select a number sequence that interests them
2.Investigate the pattern: Instruct them to explore
the pattern within their chosen number sequence
3.Apply mathematical concepts: They should apply
relevant mathematical concepts to their investigation
4.Solve problems: They have to create and solve
problems related to their chosen sequence
5.Create a portfolio: Instead of a traditional essay,
ask them to compile their findings into a portfolio and
present it
Conclusions
Summarize key concepts
Recap the main mathematical concepts covered during the lesson

Real-world applications
Emphasize the practical relevance of the concepts and skills of the
lesson

Preview next steps

Provide a glimpse into the upcoming lessons for continuity of learning
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