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Week 12 Lec 1 - Work and Energy Theorem

The document outlines the principles of work and energy, focusing on the relationship between force, velocity, and displacement. It covers concepts such as conservative forces, potential energy, and the conservation of energy, along with practical examples and calculations. The chapter emphasizes the application of these principles to both individual particles and systems of particles.

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ars1379
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17 views19 pages

Week 12 Lec 1 - Work and Energy Theorem

The document outlines the principles of work and energy, focusing on the relationship between force, velocity, and displacement. It covers concepts such as conservative forces, potential energy, and the conservation of energy, along with practical examples and calculations. The chapter emphasizes the application of these principles to both individual particles and systems of particles.

Uploaded by

ars1379
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter Objectives

 Develop and apply the principle of work and


energy that involve force, velocity, and
displacement

 Concept of a conservative force and apply the


theorem of conservation of energy to solve
kinetic problems.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


Chapter Outline

1. The Work of a Force


2. Principle of Work and Energy
3. Principle of Work and Energy for a System of
Particles
4. Power and Efficiency
5. Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
6. Conservation of Energy

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


14.1 The Work of a Force
 A force F does work on a particle when it
undergoes a displacement in the direction of the
force
 The displacement is dr = r’ – r
 The angle between tails of dr and F is θ and
work dU done by F is a scalar quantity
dU = (F cos θ) ds
dU = F·dr

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


14.1 The Work of a Force

Work of a Variable Force


 When particle undergoes a finite displacement
along its path from r1 to r2 or s1 to s2, the work is
determined by integration
 If F is expressed as a function of position,
F = F(s), r s
U1 2  F  dr  F cos  ds
2 2

r s 1 1
 If F cos is constant

U1-2 = F cos (S2 – S1)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


14.1 The Work of a Force

Work of a Weight
 Consider a particle which moves up along the
path s from s1 to position s2
 At an intermediate point, the displacement
r = xi +yj + zk
dr = dxi +dyj + dzk
 Since W = -W j
r ~ ~ ~ ~
U1 2 F .dr  ( Wj )  (dx i  dyj  dzk )
2

r
1

y2
  Wdy  W ( y2  y1 )
y1

U1 2  Wy Something going up will be –ve


Something falling will be +ve

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


14.1 The Work of a Force
Work of a Spring Force
 Magnitude of force in a linear elastic spring when
displaced a distance s from unstretched position is Fs
= ks (S = Lspr – L0) (L0 : spring free length)
 When elongated or compressed from s1 to s2, the
W.D on spring by Fs is positive, since force and
displacement
s
are
s
in the same direction
2 2
U1 2  Fs ds  ks ds
s1 s1
1 2 1 2
 ks2  ks1
2 2
 S1 & S2 are the spring deformation from its free length
(as S above)
Spring extension means spring force and displacements are in opposite directions
that will make work done (U) as –ve.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
14.1 The Work of a Force

 The constant towing force T does positive work of


U T T cos  s
 The weight does negative work of

U W  W sin  s

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


Example 14.1

The 10-kg block rest on a smooth incline. If the


spring is originally stretched 0.5 m, determine the
total work done by all forces acting on the block
when a horizontal force P = 400 N pushes the block
up the plane s = 2 m.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


Example 14.1

Solution (Draw F.B.D. to identify your forces)


Horizontal Force P
Since force is constant, the work is

U P 400 N 2m cos 30 
692.8 J

Spring Force Fs
Spring is stretched to its final position
s2 = 0.5 + 2 = 2.5 m
Work is negative as force and displacement are in
opposite directions.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 14.1 s2
U1 2  Fs ds  ks ds
s2
s1 s1
1 1
Solution  ks22  ks12
2 2
Spring Force Fs
The work of Fs is thus
 1 2 1 2
U s   (30 N / M )( 2.5m)  (30 N / M )(0.5m)   90 J
2 2 

Weight W
Weight is in the opposite direction of displacement
and work is negative

UW  98.1N (2m sin 30 )  98.1J

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


Example 14.1

Solution
Normal Force NB
This force does no work since it is always
perpendicular to the displacement.

Total Work
The work of all the forces when the block is
displaced 2 m is thus
UT 692.8  90  98.1 505 J

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


14.2 Principle of Work and Energy
(relates forces to speed at some points)
 Consider a particle P path measured with an
inertial coordinate system
 For the particle in the tangential direction,
∑Ft = mat = m v dv/ ds
s2 v2
 s1 Ft ds v1 mv dv
s2 1 1
 s1 Ft ds  mv22  mv12
2 2
 For principle of work and energy for the particle,
1 2 1 2
U1 2  mv2  mv1
2 2

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


14.2 Principle of Work and Energy

T1   U1 2 T2

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


14.2 Principle of Work and Energy

Procedures for Analysis


Work (Free-Body Diagram)
 Establish the initial coordinate system and FBD

Principle of Work and Energy


 Apply the principle of work and energy

T1   U1 2 T2
 Kinetic energy at initial and final points is positive
since it involves the speed squared
2
T  mv 1
2
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
14.2 Principle of Work and Energy

Procedures for Analysis


Principle of Work and Energy
 Work is always positive when the force
component is in the same displacement direction
 Forces that are functions of displacement must
be integrated to obtain the work
 The work of a weight is the product of the weight
magnitude and the vertical displacement
 The work of linear spring is in the form of

1 2
U s  ks
2
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
14.3 Principle of Work and Energy for a
System of Particles
 Principle of work and energy can be extended to
include a system of n particles isolated within an
enclosed region of space
The mutual internal forces might not exhibit same
mutual displacement there for their work will not
be canceled (as we did in Newton’s law
If this is the case the internal reaction
work should be included)

 T  U
1 1 2  T2

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


14.3 Principle of Work and Energy for a
System of Particles
Work of Friction Caused by Sliding.
 When applied force P just balances the resultant frictional
force μkN then due to equilibrium a constant velocity v is
maintained and the friction force equal to P in this case
1 2 1 2
mv1  Ps   k Ns  mv2
2 2

Sliding motion will generate heat and create vibration on rough


surface, which seems not to be accounted for in the work-
energy equation, so realized that the kS represents both
the external work of friction and internal work
(internal energy to deform the surfs
the generated heat and the vibration)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


Example 14.2

The 17.5-kN automobile is traveling down the 10°


inclined road at a speed of 6 m/s. if the driver jams
on the brakes, causing his wheels to lock, determine
how far s his tires skid on the road. The coefficient of
the kinetic friction between the wheels and the road
is μk = 0.5

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


Example 14.2

Solution
Work (Free-Body Diagram)
NA does no work as and the weight 17.5-kN, is
displaced s sin 10°. Applying equation of equilibrium
normal to the road,
+  n

F  0; ; N A  17500 cos 10 N 0  N A 17234.1N
FA 0.5 N A 8617.1N

Principle of Work and Energy


T1   U1 2 T2
1  17500  2

2  9.81 
 
 (6)  17500( s sin 10 )  (8617.1) s 0  s 5.75m 
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

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