Numbering Systems

CS208
 Types Of Numbers
 Natural Numbers
 The number 0 and any number obtained by
repeatedly adding a count of 1 to 0
 Negative Numbers
 A value less than 0
 Integer
 A natural number, the negative of a natural number,
and 0.
 So an integer number system is a system for
‘counting’ things in a simple systematic way
 Exponent Review
 An exponent (power) tells you how many
times to multiply the base by itself:
 21 = 2
 22 = 2 x 2 =4
 23 = 2 x 2 x 2 = 8
 20 = 1 (ANY number raised to power 0
is 1)

 1 / x2 = x -2
 Decimal Numbering
System
 How is a positive integer represented in decimal?
 Let’s analyze the decimal number 375:
375 = (3 x 100) + (7 x 10) + (5 x 1)
= (3 x 102) + (7 x 101) + (5 x 100)
Position weights 102 101 100
Number digits 3 7 5
5 x100 = 5 +
7 x101 = 70 +
3 x 102 = 300
375
 Decimal System Principles
 A decimal number is a sequence of digits
 Decimal digits must be in the set: {0, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} (Base 10)
 Each digit contributes to the value the number
represents
 The value contributed by a digit equals the product of
the digit times the weight of the position of the digit in
the number
 Decimal System Principles
 Position weights are powers of 10
 The weight of the rightmost (least significant digit)
is 100 (i.e.1)

The weight of any position is 10x, where x is the
number of positions to the right of the least
significant digit

Position weights 104 103 102 101 100

digits 3 7 5
 Bits
 In a computer, information is stored using digital
signals that translate to binary numbers
 A single binary digit (0 or 1) is called a bit
 A single bit can represent two possible states,
on (1) or off (0)
 Combinations of bits are used to store values
 Data Representation
 Data representation means encoding data into bits
 Typically, multiple bits are used to represent the
‘code’ of each value being represented

 Values being represented may be characters, numbers,

images, audio signals, and video signals.

 Although a different scheme is used to encode each type

of data, in the end the code is always a string of zeros
and ones
 Decimal to Binary
 So in a computer, the only possible digits we can use to
encode data are {0,1}
 The numbering system that uses this set of digits is
the base 2 system (also called the Binary Numbering
System)
 We can apply all the principles of the base 10 system to
the base 2 system

Position weights 24 23 22 21 20
digits 1 0 1 1
 Binary Numbering
System
 How is a positive integer represented in binary?
 Let’s analyze the binary number 110:
110 = (1 x 22) + (1 x 21) + (0 x 20)
= (1 x 4) + (1 x 2) + (0 x 1)
Position weights 22 21 20
Number digits 1 1 0
0 x20 = 0 +
1 x21 = 2 +
1 x 22 = 4
6

 So a count of SIX is represented in binary as 110

 Binary to Decimal
Conversion
 To convert a base 2 (binary) number to
base 10 (decimal):
 Add all the values (positional weights)
where a one digit occurs
 Positions where a zero digit occurs do
NOT add to the value, and can be
ignored
 Binary to Decimal
Conversion
Example: Convert binary 100101 to decimal
(written 1 0 0 1 0 12 ) =
1*20 + 1+

0*21 +
4+
1*22 +
0*23 +
0*24 + 32
1*25
3710
 Binary to Decimal
Conversion

Example #2: 101112

positional powers of 2: 2 4 2 3 22 21 20
decimal positional value: 16 8 4 2 1
binary number: 1 0 1 1 1

16 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 2310
 Binary to Decimal
Conversion

Example #3: 1100102

positional powers of 2: 2 5 2 4 2 3 2 2 21 20
decimal positional value: 32 16 8 4
2 1
binary number: 1 1 0 0 1 0

32 + 16 + 2 =
5010
 Decimal to Binary
Conversion
The Division Method:
1) Start with your number (call it N) in base 10
2) Divide N by 2 and record the remainder
3) If (quotient = 0) then stop
else make the quotient your new N, and go back to step 2
The remainders comprise your answer, starting with the last
remainder as your first (leftmost) digit.

In other words, divide the decimal number by 2 until you reach

zero, and then collect the remainders in reverse.
 Decimal to Binary
Conversion
Using the Division Method:
Divide decimal number by 2 until you reach zero, and then collect the remainders
in reverse.

Example 1: 2210 = 101102

2 ) 22 Rem:
2 ) 11 0
2 ) 5 1
2 ) 2 1
2 ) 1 0
0 1
 Decimal to Binary
Conversion
Using the Division Method
Example 2: 5610 = 1110002

2 ) 56 Rem:
2 ) 28 0
2 ) 14 0
2 ) 7 0
2 ) 3 1
2 ) 1 1
0 1
 Decimal to Binary
Conversion
The Subtraction Method:
 Subtract out largest power of 2 possible
(without going below zero), repeating until you
reach 0.
 Place a 1 in each position where you
COULD subtract the value
 Place a 0 in each position that you could
NOT subtract out the value without going
below zero.
 Decimal to Binary
Conversion
Example 1: 2110

- 16 21 26 2 5 24 23 22 21
20 5 1
0 1
- 4 64 32 16 8 4 02 1
11

- 1 Answer: 2110 = 101012

0
Decimal to Binary
Conversion
 Decimal to Binary
Conversion
Example 2: 5610

56 26 | 25 24 23 22 21 20
- 32 64| 32 16 8 4 2 1
24 |1 1 1 0 0 0
- 16
8
- 8 Answer: 5610 = 1110002
0
 Octal Numbering System
 Base: 8
 Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7


Octal number: 3578

= (3 x 82 ) + (5 x 81) + (7 x 80)

 To convert to base 10, beginning with the

rightmost digit, multiply each nth digit by
8(n-1), and add all of the results together.
 Octal to Decimal
Conversion

Example 1: 3578

positional powers of 8: 82 81 80
decimal positional value: 64 8 1
Octal number: 3 5 7

(3 x 64) + (5 x 8) + (7 x 1)

= 192 + 40 + 7 = 23910
 Octal to Decimal
Conversion

Example 2: 12468

positional powers of 8: 83 82 81 80
decimal positional value: 512 64 8 1
Octal number: 1 2 4 6

(1 x 512) + (2 x 64) + (4 x 8) + (6 x 1)

= 512 + 128 + 32 + 6 = 67810

 Decimal to Octal
Conversion
The Division Method:
1) Start with your number (call it N) in base 10
2) Divide N by 8 and record the remainder
3) If (quotient = 0) then stop
else make the quotient your new N, and go back to step 2
The remainders comprise your answer, starting with the last
remainder as your first (leftmost) digit.

In other words, divide the decimal number by 8 until you reach

zero, and then collect the remainders in reverse.
 Decimal to Octal
Conversion
Using the Division Method:

Example 1: 21410 =3268

8 ) 214 Rem:
8 ) 26 6
8) 3 2
0 3
 Decimal to Octal
Conversion
Example 2: 433010 =
10352 8

8 ) 4330 Rem:
8 ) 541 2
8 ) 67 5
8 ) 8 3
8 ) 1 0
0 1
 Decimal to Octal
Conversion
The Subtraction Method:
 Subtract out multiples of the largest power
of 8 possible (without going below zero)
each time until you reach 0.
 Place the multiple value in each position
where you COULD subtract the value.
 Place a 0 in each position that you could
NOT subtract out the value without
going below zero.
 Decimal to Octal
Conversion
Example 1: 31510

315 82 81 80
- 256 (4 x 64) 64 8 1
4 7 3
59
- 56 (7 x 8)
3
Answer: 31510 = 4738
- 3 (3 x 1)
 Decimal to Octal
Conversion
Example 2: 201810

2018 84 8 3 82 81 80
-1536 (3 x 512) 4096 512 64 8 1
482 3 7 4 2
- 448 (7 x 64)
34
- 32 (4 x 8)
2
- 2 (2 x 1) Answer: 201810 = 37428
0
 Hexadecimal (Hex)
Numbering System

 Base: 16
 Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D,
E, F
 Hexadecimal number: 1F416

= (1 x 162 ) + (F x 161) + (4 x 160)

Hexadecimal (Hex)
Extra Digits

Decimal Value Hexadecimal Digit

10 A
11 B
12 C
13 D
14 E
15 F
 Hex to Decimal
Conversion

 To convert to base 10:

 Begin with the rightmost digit

 Multiply each nth digit by 16(n-1)

 Add all of the results together

 Hex to Decimal
Conversion

Example 1: 1F416

positional powers of 16: 163 162 161 160

decimal positional value: 4096 256 16 1

Hexadecimal number: 1 F 4

(1 x 256) + (F x 16) + (4 x 1)
= (1 x 256) + (15 x 16) + (4 x 1)

= 256 + 240 + 4 = 500

 Hex to Decimal
Conversion

Example 2: 25AC16

positional powers of 16: 163 162 161 160

decimal positional value: 4096 256 16 1

Hexadecimal number: 2 5 A C

(2 x 4096) + (5 x 256) + (A x 16) + (C x 1)

= (2 x 4096) + (5 x 256) + (10 x 16) + (12 x 1)

= 8192 + 1280 + 160 + 12 = 964410

 Decimal to Hex
Conversion
The Division Method:
1) Start with your number (call it N) in base 10
2) Divide N by 16 and record the remainder
3) If (quotient = 0) then stop
else make the quotient your new N, and go back to step 2
The remainders comprise your answer, starting with the last
remainder as your first (leftmost) digit.

In other words, divide the decimal number by 16 until you

reach zero, and then collect the remainders in reverse.
 Decimal to Hex
Conversion
Using The Division Method:

Example 1: 12610 7E
=16

16) 126 Rem:

16) 7 14=E
0 7
 Decimal to Hex
Conversion
Example 2: 60310 =25B16

16) 603 Rem:

16) 37 11=B
16) 2 5
0 2
 Decimal to Hex
Conversion
The Subtraction Method:
 Subtract out multiples of the largest
power of 16 possible (without going
below zero) each time until you reach 0.
 Place the multiple value in each
position where you COULD to subtract
the value.
 Place a 0 in each position that you
could NOT subtract out the value
without going below zero.
 Decimal to Hex
Conversion
Example 1: 81010

810 162 161 160

- 768 (3 x 256) 256 16 1
3 2 A
42
- 32 (2 x 16)
10
Answer: 81010 = 32A16
- 10 (10 x 1)
 Decimal to Hex
Conversion
Example 2: 15610

156 162 161 160

- 144 (9 x 16) 256 16 1
12 9 C
- 12 (12 x 1)
0

Answer: 15610 = 9C16

 Binary to Octal Conversion
The maximum value represented in 3 bit
is: 23 – 1 = 7

So using 3 bits we can represent values

from 0 to 7
which are the digits of the
Octal numbering system.

Thus, three binary digits can be converted

to one octal digit.
 Binary to Octal Conversion
Three-bit Group Decimal Digit Octal Digit
000 0 0
001 1 1
010 2 2
011 3 3
100 4 4
101 5 5
110 6 6
111 7 7
 Octal to Binary Conversion
Ex : Convert 7428 to binary
Convert each octal digit to 3 bits:

7 = 111
4 = 100
2 = 010

111 100 010

7428 = 1111000102
 Binary to Octal Conversion
Ex : Convert 101001102 to octal
Starting at the right end, split into groups of 3:
10 100 110 
110 = 6
100 = 4
010 = 2 (pad empty digits with 0)

101001102 = 2468
 Binary to Hex Conversion
The maximum value represented in 4 bit is:
24 – 1 = 15

So using 4 bits we can represent values

from 0 to 15
which are the digits of the Hexadecimal
numbering system.

Thus, four binary digits can be converted to

one hexadecimal digit.
 Binary to Hex
Conversion
Four-bit Group Decimal Digit Hexadecimal Digit
0000 0 0
0001 1 1
0010 2 2
0011 3 3
0100 4 4
0101 5 5
0110 6 6
0111 7 7
1000 8 8
1001 9 9
1010 10 A
1011 11 B
1100 12 C
1101 13 D
1110 14 E
1111 15 F
 Binary to Hex Conversion
Ex : Convert 1101001102 to hex
Starting at the right end, split into groups of 4:

1 1010 0110 
0110 = 6
1010 = A
0001 = 1 (pad empty digits with 0)

1101001102 = 1A616
 Hex to Binary Conversion
Ex : Convert 3D916 to binary
Convert each hex digit to 4 bits:
3 = 0011
D = 1101
9 = 1001

0011 1101 1001 

3D916 = 11110110012 (can remove leading

zeros)
 Conversion between
Binary and Hex - Try It
Yourself
 Convert the following numbers:

 10101111012 to Hex

 82F16 to Binary
 (Answers on NEXT slide)
 Answers

 10101111012  10 1011
1101 = 2BD16

 82F16 = 0100 0010 1111

 100001011112
 Octal to Hex Conversion

 To convert between the Octal and

Hexadecimal numbering systems
 Convert from one system to binary first
 Then convert from binary to the new
numbering system
 Hex to Octal Conversion
Ex : Convert E8A16 to octal

First convert the hex to binary:

1110 1000 10102
111 010 001 010 and re-group by 3 bits
(starting on the right)

Then convert the binary to octal:

7 2 1 2

So E8A16 = 72128
 Octal to Hex Conversion
Ex : Convert 7528 to hex

First convert the octal to binary:

111 101 0102
re-group by 4 bits
0001 1110 1010 (add leading zeros)

Then convert the binary to hex:

1 E A

So 7528 = 1EA16