MNG 3204

Foundation of Business Intelligence:

Database and Information
Management
 Lecturer:
Seon Renville

Text:
Laudon, K. C. & Laudon, J.P.
About the Management Information
Systems
Course
Managing the Digital Firm

Chapter 6
Learning Objectives

● What are the problems of managing data resources in a traditional file

environment and how are they solved by a database management system?
● What are the major capabilities of database management systems (DBMS)
and why is a relational DBMS so powerful?
● What are some important principles of database design?
● What are the principal tools and technologies for accessing information
from databases to improve business performance and decision making?
● Why are information policy, data administration, and data quality
assurance essential for managing the firm’s data resources?
 What are the problems of
managing data resources
in a traditional file
environment?

Accurate information is free of errors.

Information is timely when it is
available to decision makers when it
is needed. Information is relevant
when it is useful and appropriate
for the types of work and decisions
that require it.
 What are the problems of
managing data resources
in a traditional file
environment?

A computer system organizes data in

a hierarchy that starts with bits and
bytes and progresses to fields,
records, files, and databases (see
Figure 6-1). A bit represents the
smallest unit of data a computer can
handle. A group of bits, called a byte,
represents a single character, which
can be a letter, number, or another
symbol.
 What are the problems of
managing data resources
in a traditional file
environment?

● Data Redundancy and

Inconsistency
● Program-Data Dependence
● Lack of Flexibility
● Poor Security
● Lack of Data Sharing and
Availability
 Database Management
System

A database management system

(DBMS) is software that permits
an organization to centralize
data, manage them efficiently,
and provide access to the stored
data by application programs.
The DBMS acts as an interface
between application programs
and the physical data files.
 Database Management
System

The database management

software makes the
physical database available
for different logical views
required by users. For
example, for the human
resources database
illustrated in Figure 6-3, a
benefits specialist might
require a view consisting of
the employee’s name,
social security number, and
 Database Management
System
Some examples of Database
Management System
- MySQL
- PostgreSQL
- Microsoft Access
- SQL Server
- File Maker
- Oracle
- RDBMS
- dBASE
- Clipper
 Database Management
System
Some examples of Database MA
DBMS reduces data redundancy
and inconsistency by minimizing
isolated
files in which the same data are
repeated. The DBMS may not
enable the
organization to eliminate data
redundancy entirely, but it can
help control
redundancy
Database Management System
 Database Management
System
In a relational
database, three basic
operations, as shown
in Figure 6-5,
are used to develop
useful sets of data:
select, join, and
project.
 Database Management
System
The select
operation creates a subset
consisting of all records in the
file that meet stated criteria.
Select creates, in other words,
a subset of rows that meet
certain criteria. In our
example, we want to select
records (rows) from the PART
table where the Part_Number
equals 137 or 150.
 Database Management
System
The join
operation combines relational
tables to provide the user with
more information than is
available in individual tables.
In our example, we want to
join the now-shortened PART
table (only parts 137 or 150
will be presented) and the
SUPPLIER table into a single
new table.
 Database Management
System
The project operation
creates a subset consisting of
columns in a table,
permitting the user to create
new tables that contain only
the information
required. In our example, we
want to extract from the new
table only the following
columns: Part_Number,
Part_Name, Supplier_Number,
and Supplier_Name.
 Database Management
System
Querying and Reporting
DBMS includes tools for
accessing and manipulating
information in databases.
Most DBMS have a specialized
language called a data
manipulation language that is
used to add, change, delete,
and retrieve the data in the
database
 Database Management
System
DESIGNING DATABASES

The database requires both a

conceptual design and a
physical design. The
conceptual, or logical, design
of a database is an abstract
model of the database from a
business perspective, whereas
the physical design shows
how the database is actually
arranged on direct-access
storage devices.
 Database Management
System
DESIGNING DATABASES

Conceptual Data Model – This particular model is a high-level representation of a database

design that explains how data interrelate and what kind of data should be stored in the
database. The intended audience for conceptual data models is the business side of an
organization. The conceptual data model describes the data structure, which the business
requires. Once the conceptual data model is designed, it can be improved and transferred into a
logical data model.
Logical Data Model – These models are used to build the database structure and explain the
data from a technical perspective. The technical front of an organization uses logical data
models as detailed depictions of database designs. This data model serves as the basis for the
creation of a physical data model.
Physical Data Model – This data model is specific to the application and database to be
incorporated. It is used to design the tables and fields that store database data. A physical data
model represents a database design for a specific database management system (DBMS). Both
the technical and business sides of an organization use this type of model.
Database Management System
Database Management System
 Database Management
System
Normalization and Entity-
Relationship Diagrams

To use a relational database model

effectively, complex groupings of data
must be streamlined to minimize
redundant data elements and awkward
many to-many relationships. The
process of creating small, stable, yet
flexible and adaptive data structures
from complex groups of data is called
normalization. Figures 6-9 and 6-10
illustrate this process.
 Database Management
System
Normalization and Entity-
Relationship Diagrams

To use a relational database model

effectively, complex groupings of data
must be streamlined to minimize
redundant data elements and awkward
many to-many relationships. The
process of creating small, stable, yet
flexible and adaptive data structures
from complex groups of data is called
normalization. Figures 6-9 and 6-10
illustrate this process.
Database Management
System
 Database Management
System
Data Warehouse

A data warehouse is a database that stores current and historical data of

potential interest to decision makers throughout the company. The data
originate in many core operational transaction systems, such as systems
for sales, customer accounts, and manufacturing, and may include data
from Web site transactions.

The data warehouse consolidates and standardizes information from different

operational databases so that the information can be used across the enterprise for
management analysis and decision making
Database Management
System
 Structured Query
Language

https://www.w3schools.com/
sql/default.asp