Magnet and Magnetism

MAGNETISM

Since ancient times, certain materials, called magnets, have been

known to have the property of attracting tiny pieces of metal. This
attractive property is called magnetism.

2
 MAGNETIC POLES
The strength of a magnet is
concentrated at the ends, called
Iron filings
north and south “poles”.
N

S W
N
S N

S N E
Bar magnet Compass

3
 MAGNETIC FIELD

Flux distribution for a permanent magnet.

4
 MAGNETIC FIELD

Flux distribution for two adjacent, opposite

poles.
5
 MAGNETIC FLUX

• Magnetic flux is the amount of magnetic field (or the

number of lines of force) produced by a magnetic source.

• Symbol: Φ (phi)
• Unit: Weber (Wb)

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 MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY
• Magnetic flux density is the amount of flux passing
through a defined area that is perpendicular to the
direction of the flux.

• Symbol: B
• Unit: Tesla (T)

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 MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY

Where
B = Magnetic Flux Density (T)
Φ = Magnetic Field/Flux (Wb)
A = Cross sectional area (m2)

8
 EXAMPLE 1
For the core of figure below, determine the flux
density, B in tesla.

5
 6 10 Wb 2
B  3 2
5 10 T
A 1.2 10 m
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 EXAMPLE 2
A magnetic pole face has a rectangular section
having dimensions 200 mm by 100 mm. If the total
flux emerging from the pole is 150 μWb, calculate
the flux density.

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 SOLUTION
6
Flux,  150 Wb 150 10 Wb
2
Cross Sectinal Area, A 200 100 20000mm
20000 10  6 m 2
6
 150 10
Flux Density, B   6
A 20000 10
0.0075T 7.5mT

11
 EXAMPLE 3
The maximum working flux density of a lifting
electromagnet is 1.8 T and the effective area of a
pole face is circular in cross-section. If the total
magnetic flux produced is 353 mWb, determine the
radius of the pole face.

12
 SOLUTION
Flux Density, B 1.8T
and flux,  353mWb 353 10  3 Wb
 
Since B  , cross sectional area , A 
A B
353 10  3
A 0.1961m 2
1.8
The pole face is circular, hence area πr 2 where
r is the radius. Hence πr 2 0.1961 from which,
r 2 0.1961/ and radius r  0.1961/ 0.25m
 The radius of the pole face is 250mm
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 MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE
• Magnetomotive force (mmf) is proportional to the
product of the number of turns around the core (in
which the flux is to be established) and the current
through the turns of wire.

• Symbol: F
• Unit: Ampere-Turn (At)

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 MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE

F  NI
Where

F = Magnetomotive Force (At)

N = Number of turns (t)
I = Current (A)

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 PERMEABILITY
• The level of magnetic flux established in a
ferromagnetic core is a direction function of
the permeability of the material.
• Ferromagnetic materials have very high level
of permeability while non-magnetic materials
such as air and wood have very low levels.

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 PERMEABILITY
The ratio of the permeability of a material to that of free
space is called its relative permeability; that is,


r 
0

μr = relative permeability
μ = permeability of the material (H/m)
μ0 = 4π x 10-7 (H/m)
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RELATIVE PERMEABILITY

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 RELUCTANCE
• Reluctance is the ‘magnetic resistance’ of a magnetic
circuit to the presence of magnetic flux.

• Symbol: R
• Unit: At / Wb

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 RELUCTANCE


R
A
R = the reluctance (At / Wb)
l = the length of the magnetic path (m)
A = the cross-sectional area (m2)
μ = permeability of the material (H/m)

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OHM’S LAW FOR MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
For magnetic circuits, the effect desired is the flux. The
cause is the magnetomotive force (mmf) , which is the
external force (or “pressure”) required to set up the
magnetic flux lines within the magnetic material. The
opposition to the setting up of the flux is the reluctance.

F

R

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 EXAMPLE 4
Determine the reluctance of a piece of mumetal
of length 150 mm and cross-sectional area 1800
mm2 when the relative permeability is 4000. Find
also the permeability of the mumetal.

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 SOLUTION

R
o  r A
150 10  3

( 4 10 )( 4000)(1800 10 )
7 6

16579 / H
7
  o  r (4 10 )( 4000)
3
5.027 10 H / m

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 EXAMPLE 5
A mild steel ring has a radius of 50 mm and a
cross-sectional area of 400 mm2. A current of 0.5
A flows in a coil wound uniformly around the ring
and the flux produced is 0.1 mWb. If the relative
permeability at this value of current is 200 find:
a) the reluctance of the mild steel
b) the number of turns on the coil

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 SOLUTION

a)  2r 2  50 10  3 m, A 400 10  6 m 2

I 0.5 A,  0.110  3Wb and  r 200


R
o  r
( 2 )(50 10 ) 3

( 4 10 )( 200)( 400 10 )
7 6

6
3.125 10 / H
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 SOLUTION
b) F R
F  NI
R
N
I
(3.125 106 )(0.110  3 )
N
0.5
625turns

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 MAGNETIZING FORCE
• Magnetizing Force or Magnetic Field Intensity is the
magnetomotive force per unit length.
• Symbol: H
• Unit: At/m

F NI
H H
 

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 MAGNETIZING FORCE

The direction of the flux can be determined by

placing the fingers of the right hand in the direction
of current around the core and noting the direction
of the thumb.

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 MAGNETIZING FORCE
• It is interesting to realize that the
magnetizing force is independent of the type
of core material
• It is determined solely by the number of
turns, the current, and the length of the core.

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 EXAMPLE 6
A magnetizing force of 8000 At/m is applied to a
circular magnetic circuit of mean diameter 30 cm
by passing a current through a coil wound on the
circuit. If the coil is uniformly wound around the
circuit and has 750 turns, find the current in the
coil.

30
 SOLUTION

2
H 8000 A / m,  d  30 10 m and
N 750 turns. Since H NI / , then
2
H 8000  30 10
I 
N 750
Thus current, I 10.05 A

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 Relation between Flux Density &
Magnetizing Force
The flux density and the magnetizing force
are related by the following equation:

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 B-H CURVE
A curve of the flux density B versus the
magnetizing force H of a material is of
particular importance to the engineer. Curves
of this type can usually be found in manuals,
descriptive pamphlets, and brochures published
by manufacturers of magnetic materials.

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 B-H / HYSTERESIS CURVE
A typical B-H curve for a ferromagnetic material
such as steel can be derived using the setup of
figure below

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B-H / HYSTERESIS CURVE

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B-H / HYSTERESIS CURVE

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Quantities in Electric and Magnetic Circuit

Electric Quantities Magnetic Quantities

Current, I Magnetic flux, Ф
Current density, J Magnetic flux density, B
Conductivity, ơ Permeability, μ
Electromotive force, E Magnetomotive force, F
Resistance, R Reluctance, R

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 Ampere’s Circuital Law
Ampere’s Circuital Law states that the algebraic sum of the rises
and drops of the mmf around a closed loop of a magnetic circuit
is equal to zero; that is, the sum of the rises in mmf equals the
sum of the drops in mmf around a closed loop.

 F 0

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MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE

F  NI
F R
F H
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Ampere’s Circuital Law

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Ampere’s Circuital Law

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Ampere’s Circuital Law

42
 THE FLUX Φ
If we continue to apply the relationships
described in the previous section to Kirchhoff’s
current law, we will find that the sum of the
fluxes entering a junction is equal to the sum of
the fluxes leaving a junction; that is, for the
circuit of figure below.

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 EXAMPLE 7
For the series magnetic circuit of figure below:
a. Find the value of I required to develop a
magnetic flux
of 4 x 10-4 Wb.
b. Determine μ and μr for the material under these
conditions.

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SOLUTION

Given,
 4 10  4 Wb
A 2 10  3 m 2
 0.16m
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 SOLUTION
a) The flux density, B is :
4
 4 10 Wb 1
B  3 2
2 10 T 0.2T
A 2 10 m
Using BH Curve

H (cast steel) 200 At/m

Applying Ampere' s circuital law yields :
NI H
H (200 At / m)( 0.16m)
I   80mA
N 400t
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 SOLUTION
b)   B  0.2T
110  3 H / m
H 200 At / m

 110  3
r   795.77 H / m
 0 4 10 7

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 EXAMPLE 8
Determine the secondary current I2 for the
transformer of figure below if the resultant
clockwise flux in the core is 1.5 x 10-5 Wb.

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 SOLUTION

The flux density throughout is :

 1.5 10  5 2
B  3
10 10 T 0.1T
A 0.15 10
and
H ( from B - H curve) 50 At / m

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 SOLUTION
Applying Ampere' s circuital law :
N 1 I 1 - N 2 I 2 H abcdaabcda
(60t )( 2 A)  (30t )( I 2 ) (50 At / m)( 0.16m)
 30t ( I 2 ) 120 At  8 At
112 At
I2  3.73 A
30t

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