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Chapter 11 - Chaining 2

Chaining is a teaching method for complex behaviors that involves breaking down tasks into smaller, sequential components where each behavior serves as a stimulus for the next. There are three main chaining procedures: Backward Chaining, Forward Chaining, and Total Task Presentation, each suited for different learning scenarios. Task Analysis is essential for identifying the steps in a behavioral chain, and various strategies can be employed to facilitate learning, including written instructions, picture prompts, video models, and self-instructions.

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Farha Bhatti
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4 views11 pages

Chapter 11 - Chaining 2

Chaining is a teaching method for complex behaviors that involves breaking down tasks into smaller, sequential components where each behavior serves as a stimulus for the next. There are three main chaining procedures: Backward Chaining, Forward Chaining, and Total Task Presentation, each suited for different learning scenarios. Task Analysis is essential for identifying the steps in a behavioral chain, and various strategies can be employed to facilitate learning, including written instructions, picture prompts, video models, and self-instructions.

Uploaded by

Farha Bhatti
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chaining

What is Chaining
• Process for teaching complex behaviors consisting of many
component behaviors that occur together in a sequence in which
one component behavior serves as an SD for the following
component behavior
– Behavioral chain: small component behaviors that occur in a specific
sequence that result in a complex behavior
– Stimulus-response chain: each behavior or response in the chain produces
a stimulus change that acts as an SD for the next response
Example of Stimulus- Response
Chain
Task Analysis
• The process of analyzing a behavioral chain by breaking down
complex behaviors into individual stimulus-response
components
– How to complete a Task Analysis
– Observations
– Consult an expert
– Perform the task yourself
 Task Analysis can be revised to best suite your learner
o May need to break down components skills into smaller step (when
the task is still presenting as too difficult)
o May need to combine a few steps together (when the task
presented is too easy)
Three Types of Chaining Procedures
• Backward Chaining
– Teach one component behavior at a time, starting with the last behavior in a
behavioral chain first
– The instructor prompts all unknown prior steps and allows independence on
last step first working their way backwards to allow independence on each
consecutive step through the beginning of the chain, until learner masters
the full behavioral chain independently

• Forward Chaining
– Teach one component behavior at a time, starting with the first behavior in a
behavioral chain first
– The instructor teaches the component behaviors in order from the first step
and once independence is achieved on a step, the instructor completes
chain to the end. The instructor continues the process, each step is taught in
order from beginning to end until learner masters the full behavioral chain
Three Types of Chaining Procedures
• Total Task Presentation
– Teach all unknown component behaviors in order, starting from the
beginning of a behavioral chain
– The instructor teaches each component behavior in order from the first step
and once independence is achieved on any given step, the instructor allows
independent responding on that particular step, but prompts on all unknown
steps. The instructor continues the process until each step is performed
independently and the learner masters the full behavioral chain
– The instructor often utilizes graduated guidance in which they follow a
most-to-least prompt fading strategy that includes shadowing to ensure
each step is completed correctly (minimizes opportunities for errors, while
increasing independence on task completion). Shadowing consists of the
instructor being in very close proximity to be able to implement the least
restrictive prompting to ensure a correct response and prevent any errors.
How to Choose Which Type of
Chaining to Use
• Total Task Presentation is best used when
– Learner knows some of the component behaviors in the chain
– There are not too many steps to learn in the behavioral chain
– Instructor is well versed in graduated guidance

• Forward Chaining or Backward Chaining is best used when


– You want to teach one component behavior at a time
– There are many steps to learn in the behavioral chain
– The learner may have a learning/developmental/intellectual disability
How to Choose Which Type of
Chaining to Use
Forward Chaining Backward Chaining
• Teaching steps in order from the • Teaching steps from last step
beginning forward

• Creates artificial reinforcement • The learner completes the


after each step behavioral chain each time

• Learner does not finish the • Reinforcement naturally occurs at


behavioral chain until all steps are the end of the behavioral chain
mastered every time

• Typically takes the longest to • May not be practical to prompt all


teach a new skill to independent initial steps
mastery
How to Conduct a Chaining Procedure
• Is chaining the correct procedure?
– Use for teaching unknown complex behaviors, NOT used for non-compliance

• Make a Task Analysis


– List all component behaviors/steps of complex behavior to be taught

• Establish a Baseline
– Present SD and determine how much of the behavioral chain learner knows
already

• Identify the most appropriate chaining procedure


• Implement selected chaining procedure
• Intermittently reinforce behavior to promote maintenance of the
Video Example of Chaining
Forward Chaining
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NDE09BP-Uvs

Backward Chaining
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LbBj4Tzi9CQ

Total Task Presentation


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T79AAq6_rs8
Chaining Strategies Without
Instructor Present
• Written Task Analysis
– A written list of component behaviors in sequential order
– e.g. “how to” instructions for completing a government form

• Picture Prompts
– A list of pictures depicting the completed steps of a behavioral chain in sequential
order
– e.g. IKEA furniture instructions

• Video Model
– Learner watches a video of a model completing behavioral chain correctly (can be
present in a full sequence or step by step)
– e.g. YouTube video to put on make-up

• Self-Instructions
– Teaching a learner to recite steps of a behavioral chain

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