Electro-Mechanical

System
EE2010

Electro-Mechanical System 1
Brief Description
• Course designed to provide students with understanding of:
• General principles of electromechanical machine operation
• Transformers
• AC machines (Generators and Motors)
• DC machines (Generators and Motors)

Electro-Mechanical System 2
Basic Information
• Textbook:
• Electric Machinery Fundamentals

• Author:
• Stephen J. Chapman

• Publisher
• McGraw Hill (5th edition)

Electro-Mechanical System 3
Course Grading
• Relative MCA based grading

• Assessment will be based on CLOs

• Quizzes/Assignments 30%
• Sessional Exams 20%
• Final 50%

Electro-Mechanical System 4
Course Learning
Outcomes
DESCRIPTION TAXONOMY PLO
LEVEL

Compare working principles, construction and C3 1

operation of DC Generators and motors

Illustrate the construction, working, and computation C3 2

of various parameters of single- and three-phase
transformers

Illustrate the construction, operation, and analysis of C3 2

AC machines

Demonstrate knowledge of various special purpose C3 1

machines applied in low-power applications

Electro-Mechanical System 5
Assigned Program
Learning Outcomes (PLO)
DESCRIPTION

1. PLO-01: Engineering Knowledge: An ability to apply knowledge of

mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals and an engineering
specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.

2. PLO-02: Problem Analysis: An ability to identify, formulate, research

literature, and analyse complex engineering problems reaching
substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences

Electro-Mechanical System 6
Electrical Machines &
Transformers
• Electrical machine
• A Device that can convert either mechanical energy to electrical
energy or electrical energy to mechanical energy
• Generator: Converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
• Motor: Converts electrical energy to mechanical energy
• Almost all practical motors and generators convert energy from one
form to another through the action of a magnetic field
• The Transformer
• electrical device closely related to electrical machines
• Converts AC electrical energy at one voltage level to AC electrical
energy at another voltage level
• Transformers operate on the same principles as generators and
motors

Electro-Mechanical System 7
Applications of Machines
and Transformers
• Application of Electrical Motors in Daily Life?
• Refrigerators
• Washing machines
• Air conditioners
• Electric Vehicles
• Kitchen appliances
• Application of Generators and Transformers?
• Power Generation
• Transmission and Distribution

Electro-Mechanical System 8
Advantages of Electric
Motors
What is the advantage of Electric Motors over Combustion
Engines?
• Combustion engines are inefficient
• 40% efficient, rest is wasted as heat
• Noisy
• Burn fossil fuels, environmentally unfriendly
• Greenhouse and polluting emissions
• Costly
• Fuel costly to store and transport
• Ease of energy transport over long distances in the form of
electricity
Electro-Mechanical System 9
Rotational Motion

• Almost all electric machines rotate

about an axis
• Parallel to the shaft of the machine
• The direction of rotation can either be
clockwise (CW) or counterclockwise
(CCW) relative to a given end of the
machine's shaft
• A CCW angle of rotation is assumed
to be positive, and CW is assumed to
be negative

Electro-Mechanical System 10
Angular Position

• Angle at which something is oriented

• measured from some arbitrary
reference point
• Angular position usually measured in
radians (rad) or degrees (deg)
• Corresponds to linear concept of
distance along a line

Electro-Mechanical System 11
Angular velocity
• Rate of change in angular position with respect to time
• assumed positive if rotation is in CCW direction

• measured in radians per second (rad/sec)

• rotational analog of velocity in translational motion
• - Angular velocity expressed in radians per second
• - Angular velocity expressed in revolutions per second
• - Angular velocity expressed in revolutions per minute

Electro-Mechanical System 12
Angular acceleration
• Rate of change in angular velocity
• assumed positive if angular velocity is increasing in an
algebraic sense
• rotational analog of acceleration in translational motion

• measured in radians per second squared (rad/s2)

Electro-Mechanical System 13
Torque
• Twisting force on an object
• Angular velocity constant unless a
torque is present
• greater the torque, more rapidly the
angular velocity of the object
changes
• Torque= Force x Distance
• Force: force applied to an object
• Distance: smallest distance between
line of action of force and object's axis
of rotation

Electro-Mechanical System 14
Torque
• vector pointing from axis of rotation
to point of application of force
• is applied force, then

• angle between and

• Torque
• CW if it causes a CW rotation
• CCW if it causes a CCW rotation
• Units
• newton-meters (N-m) in SI units
• pound-feet (lb-ft) in English system

Electro-Mechanical System 15
Newton's Law of Rotation
• Newton's law for objects moving along a straight line
describes the relationship between the force applied to an
object and its resulting acceleration
• This relationship is given by the equation F = ma
• F = net force applied to an object
• m = mass of the object
• a = resulting acceleration

Electro-Mechanical System 16
Newton's Law of Rotation
• Newton’s law of rotation describes the relationship between
the torque applied to an object and its resulting angular
acceleration

• net applied torque in newton-meters or pound-feet

• resulting angular acceleration in radians per second squared
• moment of inertia of object measured in kilogram-meters squared
(kg-m2) or slug-feet squared

Electro-Mechanical System 17
Work W
• For linear motion, work is defined as the application of a force
through a distance W = Fdr
• If force is constant and collinear with the direction of motion
• W = Fr
• For rotational motion, work is

• If torque is constant

• Units: joules (J) in SI, foot-pounds (ft-lb) in English system

Electro-Mechanical System 18
Power P
• Rate of doing work

• measured in joules per second (watts) or foot-pounds per

second or horsepower
• Assuming constant torque, power is

• power measured in watts, torque in newton-meters, and

speed in radians per second

Electro-Mechanical System 19
The Magnetic Field
• Magnetic fields are the fundamental mechanism by which
energy is converted from one form to another in machines
• Four basic principles describe how magnetic fields are used in
these devices
1. A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the
area around it
2. A time-changing magnetic field induces a voltage in a coil of
wire if it passes through that coil (Transformers)
3. A current-carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic field
has a force induced on it (Motors)
4. A moving wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a
voltage induced in it (Generators)
Electro-Mechanical System 20
The Magnetic Field
• Iron filings sprinkled onto a piece of paper on top of a bar
magnet
• Magnetic forces can penetrate paper
• forces of a magnetic field can penetrate water too, and many other
substances…even your hand!

Electro-Mechanical System 21
The Magnetic Field
• Field lines show direction of forces at different locations within
a magnetic field
• Field lines exit magnet at its north pole, travel around in air,
and re-enter magnet through its south pole
• Field lines don’t start in one place and stop in another
• Travel in “closed paths,” which means they will continue to
travel the same path again and again

Electro-Mechanical System 22
The Magnetic Field
• Magnetic field is present everywhere around the magnet
• not just along the field lines, but even between field lines
• lines help us visualize direction of field at various locations around
the magnet and even within magnet
• Units to measure strength of a magnetic field?
• Magnetic flux density unit of measurement Tesla (SI), Weber,
Maxwell, Gauss

Electro-Mechanical System 23
Production of a Magnetic
Field
• The basic law:

• magnetic field intensity produced by

current
• differential element of length along
the path of integration
• In SI units
• measured in amperes
• measured in ampere-turns per
meter

Electro-Mechanical System 24
Production of a Magnetic
Field
• The rectangular core with a
winding of N turns of wire
wrapped about one leg of the
core
• Core is composed of iron or
certain other similar metals
(collectively called ferromagnetic
materials)
• All the magnetic field
produced by the current will
remain inside the core

Electro-Mechanical System 25
Production of a Magnetic
Field
• The path of integration in
Ampere's law is the mean path
length of the core lc
• The current passing within the
path of integration Inet
• since coil of wire cuts path of
integration times while
carrying current

Electro-Mechanical System 26
Production of a Magnetic
Field
• Ampere's law becomes

• magnitude of magnetic field

intensity vector

• The magnetic field intensity H is a

measure of the "effort" that a
current is putting into the
establishment of a magnetic field

Electro-Mechanical System 27
Production of a Magnetic
Field
• The strength of the magnetic
field flux produced in the core
also depends on the material of
the core
• The relationship between the
magnetic field intensity H and the
resulting magnetic flux density B
produced within a material is
given by

• is magnetic permeability of
material (H/m)
Electro-Mechanical System 28
Production of a Magnetic
Field
• Relative permeability, =
• for steel is 2000 to 6000 or even
more
• for a given current, 2000 to 6000
times more flux established in a
piece of steel than in
corresponding area of air
• The permeability of free space is
called o, and its value is 4 x 10-7
H/m

Electro-Mechanical System 29
Production of a Magnetic
Field
• The units of magnetic field
intensity are ampere-turns per
meter (NI/m)
• The units of permeability are
henrys per meter (H/m)
• The units of the resulting flux
density are webers per square
meter (Wb/m2), known as
teslas (T)

Electro-Mechanical System 30
Production of a Magnetic
Field
• Magnitude of the flux density
in the core

• total flux in a given area

•=
• Where is the differential unit
of area

Electro-Mechanical System 31
Production of a Magnetic
Field
• If flux density vector is
perpendicular to the plane of
area , and if flux density is
constant throughout the area

• total flux in core

Electro-Mechanical System 32
Magnetic Circuit Vs.
Electric Circuit
• The current in a coil of wire wrapped around a core
produces a magnetic flux in the core
• This is in some sense analogous to a voltage in an electric circuit
producing a current flow
• It is possible to define a "magnetic circuit" whose behavior is
governed by equations analogous to those for an electric circuit

Electro-Mechanical System 33
Magnetic Circuit Vs.
Electric Circuit
• The magnetic circuit model of magnetic behavior is often
used in the design of electric machines and transformers
• In electric circuit it is the voltage or electromotive force that
drives the current flow V = IR
• In the magnetic circuit the magnetomotive force (mmf) is
equal to the effective current flow applied to the core

Electro-Mechanical System 34
Magnetic Circuit Vs.
Electric Circuit
• The mmf in the magnetic circuit
has a polarity associated with it
• The positive end of the mmf source
is the end from which the flux exits
• The negative end of the mmf
source is the end at which the flux
reenters
• The polarity of the mmf from a
coil of wire can be determined
from a modification of the right-
hand rule
• Thumb points in the direction of
flux
Electro-Mechanical System 35
Magnetic Circuit Vs.
Electric Circuit
• In an electric circuit, the applied
voltage causes a current I to flow
• Similarly, in a magnetic circuit,
the applied magnetomotive force

• V=IR ↔ 𝔉=𝜙ℜ
causes flux to be produced

• Where (AT/Wb) is reluctance of

circuit
• Same concept as resistance

Electro-Mechanical System 36
Reluctance Equation

• Since
• Therefore
• Same series and parallel rules as
resistance

Electro-Mechanical System 37
Approximations in Calculations
of The Flux in A Core
• Calculations of the flux in a core performed by using the
magnetic circuit concepts are always approximations
• At best case, they are accurate to within about 5% of the real
answer
• Why are the calculations not exact? There are several
reasons
1. All the flux flows in the magnetic core (True/False?)
• False: The permeability of a ferromagnetic core is 2000 to 6000
times that of air, but a small fraction of the flux escapes from the
core into the surrounding low-permeability air
• This is called leakage flux, and it plays a very important role in
electric machine design

Electro-Mechanical System 38
Approximations in Calculations
of The Flux in A Core
2. The calculation of reluctance of magnetic core is accurate based on
the mean path length and cross-sectional area for the core
(True/False?)
• False: These assumptions are not really very good, especially at
corners
3. The permeability of the ferromagnetic materials is fixed
(True/False?)
• False: The permeability varies with the amount of flux already in
the material
• This nonlinear effect is another source of error to magnetic circuit
analysis, as reluctances used in magnetic circuit calculations
depend on the permeability of the material

Electro-Mechanical System 39
Approximations in Calculations
of The Flux in A Core
4. If there are air gaps in the flux path in a core,
the effective cross-sectional area of the air gap
is larger than the cross-sectional area of the
iron core on either side
• The extra effective area is caused by the
"fringing effect" of the magnetic field at the air
gap

Electro-Mechanical System 40