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Unit Iii

The document discusses the concept of correlation matrices, particularly in the context of antenna arrays, highlighting their importance in understanding spatial correlations for applications like beamforming and direction finding. It outlines the steps for forming a correlation matrix, including data collection, preprocessing, signal alignment, and analysis. Additionally, it emphasizes the significance of Angle of Arrival (AOA) estimation in various fields, detailing its role in beamforming, spatial multiplexing, and interference suppression.

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jayak162003
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7 views22 pages

Unit Iii

The document discusses the concept of correlation matrices, particularly in the context of antenna arrays, highlighting their importance in understanding spatial correlations for applications like beamforming and direction finding. It outlines the steps for forming a correlation matrix, including data collection, preprocessing, signal alignment, and analysis. Additionally, it emphasizes the significance of Angle of Arrival (AOA) estimation in various fields, detailing its role in beamforming, spatial multiplexing, and interference suppression.

Uploaded by

jayak162003
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT III

ANGLE OF ARRIVAL ESTIMATION


Array Correlation Matrix
CORRELATION MATRIX
• The correlation matrix is a matrix that shows the correlation between variables.

• It gives the correlation between all the possible pairs of values in a matrix format.

• A correlation matrix is a statistical technique used to evaluate the relationship


between two variables in a data set.

• The matrix is a table in which every cell contains a correlation coefficient, where 1
is considered a strong relationship between variables, 0 a neutral relationship and -1
a not strong relationship.

• It’s most commonly used in building regression models.


Array Correlation Matrix
Array Correlation Matrix
• A correlation matrix in the context of antenna arrays is used to understand the
relationships between different antenna elements in the array.

• It helps in characterizing the spatial correlation between antennas, which is crucial


for various operations such as beamforming, direction finding, and spatial
multiplexing in communication systems.

• Forming a correlation matrix for antenna arrays involves analyzing the signals
received by different antenna elements and calculating the correlation coefficients
between them.
Array Correlation Matrix
• The general procedure for forming a correlation matrix for antenna arrays:

1. Data Collection:

Collect data from each antenna element in the array. This data can be received signals, usually in the
form of complex baseband samples, obtained from the received radio frequency signals.

2.Preprocessing:

Preprocess the collected data to ensure consistency and remove any unwanted artifacts or noise. This
may involve filtering, synchronization, and calibration procedures.

3. Signal Alignment:

Align the collected signals to account for any propagation delays or phase offsets between the antenna
elements. This ensures that the signals being compared are synchronized in time.
Array Correlation Matrix
4. Calculation of Correlation Coefficients:
Calculate the correlation coefficients between pairs of antenna elements. The correlation coefficient
between two signals X and Y is typically calculated using correlation measures such as the cross-
correlation function or mutual information depending on the specific application and requirements.
5. Construction of Correlation Matrix:

Organize the correlation coefficients into a matrix format. The correlation matrix C is typically a
square matrix where each element Cij represents the correlation coefficient between antenna
elements i and j.

6. Analysis and Interpretation:

Analyze the correlation matrix to gain insights into the spatial correlation patterns within the
antenna array. High correlation coefficients indicate strong spatial coherence, while low correlation
coefficients indicate less coherence or independence between antenna elements.
Array Correlation Matrix
• siderations:
• Array Geometry: The gConeometry and spacing of antenna elements
significantly influence the correlation matrix. Different array configurations
(e.g., uniform linear, uniform planar) may exhibit different correlation patterns.

• Environmental Effects: Environmental factors such as multipath propagation,


scattering, and fading can affect the spatial correlation between antenna
elements. These effects should be considered when interpreting the correlation
matrix.

• Time Variability: The spatial correlation between antenna elements may vary
over time due to changes in the propagation environment or antenna
movements. Time-varying correlation analysis may be necessary for dynamic
environments.
Array Correlation Matrix

Forming a correlation matrix for antenna arrays is a fundamental step in


antenna array processing, providing valuable insights into spatial
correlation patterns that are essential for various applications such as
beamforming, direction finding, and spatial multiplexing in
communication systems.
Array Correlation Matrix

• Several circumstances arise when a collection of random variables exist.


• One such example is the output of each element of an antenna array.
• If an incoming planewave induces a random voltage on all M-array elements, the
received signal x is a vector.
• we can describe the array element output voltages for one incident planewave.
Array Correlation Matrix

• The correlation matrix in the above Eq. assumes that we are calculating the
ensemble average using the expectation operator E[ ].
• It should be noted that this is not a vector autocorrelation because we have
imposed no time delay in the vector ¯x.
• For realistic systems where we have a finite data block, we must resort to
estimating the correlation matrix using a time average.
• Therefore, we can re-express the operation in Eq. as
Array Correlation Matrix

• If the data is sampled data, the above Eq. can be rewritten as a series to be
expressed as

• If by increasing T (or K) we can force the correlation matrix estimate to converge


to the statistical correlation matrix, the process is said to be ergodic in the
correlation matrix.
• This can be written as
AOA Estimation Methods

AOA Estimation:
• AOA (Angle of Arrival) estimation is a technique used in various fields,
including wireless communication, radar systems, sonar, and
acoustics.
• It refers to the process of determining the direction from which a
signal, wave, or target is arriving at a receiver or sensor array.
AOA Estimation Methods
• Even for one source there are many possible propagation paths and
angles of arrival.

• If several transmitters are operating simultaneously, each source


potentially creates many multipath components at the receiver.

• Therefore, it is important for a receive array to be able to estimate the


angles of arrival in order to decipher which emitters are present and
what are their possible angular locations.

• This information can be used to eliminate or combine signals for greater


fidelity, suppress interferers, or both.
AOA Estimation Methods
• Angle-of-arrival (AOA) estimation has also been known as spectral
estimation, direction of arrival (DOA) estimation, or bearing estimation.

• Some of the earliest references refer to spectral estimation as the


ability to select various frequency components out of a collection of
signals.

• This concept was expanded to include frequency-wavenumber


problems and subsequently AOA estimation.

• Bearing estimation is a term more commonly used in the sonar


community and is AOA estimation for acoustic problems.
AOA Estimation Methods
• Some key points regarding the significance of AOA in antenna arrays
are:

1. Beamforming: AOA estimation is crucial for implementing


beamforming techniques in antenna arrays. Beamforming allows the
antenna array to focus its reception or transmission towards specific
directions by adjusting the phase and amplitude of signals across the
array elements. AOA estimation helps determine the angles from which
signals are arriving, enabling the antenna array to steer its beams
towards desired targets or users.
AOA Estimation Methods
2. Spatial multiplexing: AOA estimation enables spatial multiplexing,
where multiple data streams can be transmitted simultaneously in
different spatial directions. By estimating the angles of arrival of
different signals, the antenna array can spatially separate these signals,
allowing for increased data throughput and capacity in wireless
communication systems.

3. Interference suppression: AOA estimation helps identify the angles


of arrival of interfering signals. This information can be used to design
algorithms for adaptive beamforming or null steering, where the
antenna array adjusts its beam patterns to suppress interference from
specific directions while enhancing the reception of desired signals.
AOA Estimation Methods
• Many of the AOA algorithms rely on the array correlation matrix.
• In order to understand the array correlation matrix, let us begin with a
description of the array, the received signal, and the additive noise.
AOA Estimation Methods
• Figure shows D signals arriving from D directions.

• They are received by an array of M elements with M potential


weights.

• Each received signal xm(k) includes additive, zero mean, Gaussian


noise.

• Time is represented by the kth time sample.


AOA Estimation Methods
• Thus, the array output y can be given in the following form:
AOA Estimation Methods

• Thus, each of the D-complex signals arrives at angles θi and is intercepted by the M
antenna elements.

• It is initially assumed that the arriving signals are monochromatic and the number of
arriving signals D < M.

• It is understood that the arriving signals are time varying and thus our calculations
are based upon time snapshots of the incoming signal.
AOA Estimation Methods
• Obviously if the transmitters are moving, the matrix of steering
vectors is changing with time and the corresponding arrival angles are
changing.
• Let us define the M × M array correlation matrix Rxx as
AOA Estimation Methods

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