Digital Logic Design

EE-123

Digital Systems & Binary Numbers

By
Engr. Anique Ahmad

Lecture # 1

1
 Course Instructor
 Engr. Muhammad Anique Ahmad
 Lecturer (Computer Engineering)
 Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Air
University
 Qualification: M.Sc. Engineering in Computer Systems
 E-mail: [email protected]
 Phone # 0346-0866333
 Course Objectives

Fundamental concepts in classical digital design

Demonstrate clearly the way in which digital circuits are
designed and analyzed today

Make students familiar with modern hierarchy of digital
hardware

Basic idea of how to design and simulate logic circuits.

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 ASSESSMENT SYSTEM
Theoretical/Instruction 100%

 Assignments 10%

 Quizzes 15%

 CEP 5%

 Midterm Exam 25%

 End Semester Exam 45%

Total 100%

4
Text Book

Digital Design: With an Introduction to the

Verilog HDL, VHDL
5th Edition
by
M. Morris Mano (Author), Michael Ciletti (Author)

5
Analog and Digital Signal
 Signal
 Signal is a time varying physical phenomenon which is intended
to convey information.
 Analog Signal
 The physical quantities or signals may vary continuously over a
specified range.
 Digital Signal
 The physical quantities or signals can assume only discrete values.
 Greater accuracy
X(t) X(t)

t t 6
Analog signal Digital signal
Digital Systems
 Systems that process and manipulate digital signals or data, typically
using binary code (0s and 1s)
 These systems play a crucial role in various applications, ranging
from computers and smartphones

7
Number Systems

Two types of number systems are:

 Non-positional number systems
 Positional number systems

8
Non-positional Number Systems

 Characteristics

 Use symbols such as I for 1, II for 2, III for 3, IIII

for 4, IIIII for 5, etc

 Each symbol represents the same value regardless

of its position in the number

 The symbols are simply added to find out the value

of a particular number

 Difficulty

 It is difficult to perform arithmetic with such a

number system
Positional Number Systems
 Characteristics
 Use only a few symbols called digits
 These symbols represent different values depending
on the position they occupy in the number
 The value of each digit is determined by:
1. The digit itself
2. The position of the digit in the number
3. The base of the number system

(base = total number of digits in the number

system)
 The maximum value of a single digit is always
equal to one less than the value of the base
Decimal Number System

Characteristics

 A positional number system

 Has 10 symbols or digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,

8, 9). Hence, its base = 10

 The maximum value of a single digit is 9 (one

less than the value of the base)

 Each position of a digit represents a

specific power of the base (10)

 We use this number system in our

day-to-day life
Decimal Number System

Example

258610 = (2 x 103) + (5 x 102) + (8 x 101) +

(6 x 100)

= 2000 + 500 + 80 + 6
Binary Number System

Characteristics

 A positional number system

 Has only 2 symbols or digits (0 and 1). Hence its

base = 2
 The maximum value of a single digit is 1 (one less
than the value of the base)

 Each position of a digit represents a specific power

of the base (2)

 This number system is used in computers

Binary Number System
Example

101012 = (1 x 24) + (0 x 23) + (1 x 22) + (0 x 21) x (1 x 20)

= 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1

= 2110
Bit

 Bit stands for binary digit

 A bit in computer terminology means either a

0 or a 1

 A binary number consisting of n bits is called

an n-bit number
Octal Number System

Characteristics

 A positional number system

 Has total 8 symbols or digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7).

Hence, its base = 8

 The maximum value of a single digit is 7 (one less

than the value of the base

 Each position of a digit represents a specific power of

the base (8)
Octal Number System

 Since there are only 8 digits, 3 bits (23

= 8) are sufficient to represent any octal
number in binary

Example

20578 = (2 x 83) + (0 x 82) + (5 x 81)

+ (7 x 80)

= 1024 + 0 + 40 + 7

= 107110
Hexadecimal Number System

Characteristics

 A positional number system

 Has total 16 symbols or digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,

8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F). Hence its base = 16

 The symbols A, B, C, D, E and F represent the

decimal values 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15
respectively

 The maximum value of a single digit is 15 (one less

than the value of the base)
Hexadecimal Number System

 Each position of a digit represents a specific power

of the base (16)

 Since there are only 16 digits, 4 bits (24 = 16) are

sufficient to represent any hexadecimal number in
binary

Example
1AF16 = (1 x 162) + (A x 161) + (F x 160)
= 1 x 256 + 10 x 16 + 15 x 1
= 256 + 160 + 15
= 43110
Converting a Number of Another Base to
a Decimal Number

Method

Step 1: Determine the column (positional) value of each

digit

Step 2: Multiply the obtained column values by the digits in

the corresponding columns

Step 3: Calculate the sum of these products

Converting a Number of Another Base to
a Decimal Number
Example
47068 = ?10
Common

47068 = 4 x 83 + 7 x 82 + 0 x 81 + 6 x 80
values correspondin
= 4 x 512 + 7 x 64 + 0 + 6 x 1 g digits
multiplie
= 2048 + 448 + 0 + 6 d by the
Sum of these
products
= 250210
Converting a Decimal Number to a Number of
Another Base
Division-Remainder
Method
Step 1: Divide the decimal number to be converted by
the value of the new base

Step 2: Record the remainder from Step 1 as the

rightmost digit (least significant digit) of the
new base number

Step 3: Divide the quotient of the previous divide by the

new base

Record the remainder from Step 3 as the next

Step 4:
digit (to the left) of the new base number
Converting a Decimal Number to a
Number of Another Base

Repeat Steps 3 and 4, recording remainders from right to

left, until the quotient becomes zero in Step 3

Note that the last remainder thus obtained will be the most
significant digit (MSD) of the new base number
Converting a Decimal Number to a Number of
Another Base
Example
95210 = ?8

Solution:
Remainder
8 952
0
119
14 7
6
1
0 1

Hence, 95210 = 16708

Shortcut Method for Converting a Binary
Number to its Equivalent Octal Number

Method
Step 1: Divide the digits into groups of three
starting from the right

Step 2: Convert each group of three binary digits to

one octal digit using the method of binary to
decimal conversion
Shortcut Method for Converting a Binary
Number to its Equivalent Octal Number
Example
11010102 = ?8

Step 1: Divide the binary digits into groups of 3

starting from right

001 101 010

Step 2: Convert each group into one octal

digit 0012 = 0 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20

=1
1012 = 1 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20 = 5
0102 = 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 0 x 20 = 2

Hence, 11010102 = 1528

Shortcut Method for Converting an Octal
Number to Its Equivalent Binary Number
Method
Step Convert each octal digit to a 3 digit binary
number (the octal digits may be treated as
1: decimal for this conversion)

Step 2: Combine all the binary groups

(of 3 resulting
digits each) into singl binary
number a e
Shortcut Method for Converting an Octal
Number to Its Equivalent Binary Number
Example
5628 = ?2

Step 1: Convert each octal digit to 3 binary

digits 58 = 1012, 68 = 1102,
28 = 0102

Step 2: 5628 Combine

= 101 the
110 01groups
binary
0
5 6 2
Hence, 5628 = 1011100102
Shortcut Method for Converting a Binary Number
to its Equivalent Hexadecimal Number
Method

Step 1: Divide the binary digits into groups of four

starting from the right
Step 2: Combine each group of four binary digits
to one hexadecimal digit
Shortcut Method for Converting a Binary Number to its
Equivalent Hexadecimal Number

Example

1111012 = ?16

Step 1: Divide the binary digits into groups of four

starting from the right

0011 1101

Step 2: Convert each group into a hexadecimal digit

00112 = 0 x 2 3 + 0 x 22 + 1 x 2 1 + 1 x 20 =
310 = 316
11012 = 1 x 2 3 + 1 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20 =
310 = D16

Hence, 1111012 = 3D16

Shortcut Method for Converting a
Hexadecimal Number to its Equivalent
Binary Number
Method

Step 1: Convert the decimal equivalent of each

hexadecimal digit to a 4 digit binary
number

Step 2: Combine all the resulting binary groups

(of 4 digits each) in a single binary number
Shortcut Method for Converting a Hexadecimal
Number to its Equivalent Binary Number
Example

2AB16 = ?2

Step 1: Convert each hexadecimal digit to

a 4 digit binary number

= 00102
216 = 210
A16 = 1010 = 10102
B16 = 1110 = 10112
Shortcut Method for Converting a Hexadecimal
Number to its Equivalent Binary Number
Step 2: Combine the binary groups
2AB16 = 0010 1010 1011
2 A B

Hence, 2AB16 = 0010101010112

Fractional Numbers

Fractional numbers are formed same way as

decimal number system
In general, a number in a number system with base
b
would be written as:
an an-1… a0 . a-1 a-2 … a-m

And would be interpreted to mean:

an x bn + an-1 x bn-1 + … + a0 x b0 + a-1 x b-1 + a-2 x b-2 +
… + asymbols
The -m x b
-m
an, …, in above representation
an-1, a-m
should be one of the b symbols allowed in the
number system
Formation of Fractional Numbers in
Binary Number System (Example)

Binary Point

Position 4 3 2 1 0 . -1 -2 -3 -4

Position Value 24 23 22 21 20 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4

Quantity 16 8 4 1 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/
2 4 8 16
Represente 2
d
Formation of Fractional Numbers in Binary
Number System (Example)
Example

110.1012 = 1 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 0 x 20 + 1 x 2-1 + 0 x 2-2 + 1 x 2-3

= 4 + 2 + 0 + 0.5 + 0 + 0.125
= 6.62510
Formation of Fractional Numbers in
Octal Number System (Example)

Octal Point

Position 3 2 1 0 . -1 -2 -3

Position Value 83 82 81 80 8-1 8-2 8-3

Quantity 512 64 8 1/ 1/ 1/
8 64 512
Represente 1
d
Formation of Fractional Numbers in Octal
Number System (Example)

(Continued from previous slide..)

 Example

 127.548 = 1 x 82 + 2 x 81 + 7 x 80 + 5 x 8-1 + 4 x
8-2
 = 64 + 16 + 7 + 5/8 + 4/64
 = 87 + 0.625 + 0.0625
 = 87.687510