AVT 1003 - Aviation Mathematics and Physics

Arithmetic

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Course Learning Outcome

CLO 1 Use Arithmetic, Algebraic and Geometric formulae and processes
as typically encountered in an aviation maintenance environment
and solving related problems.
CLO 2 Describe the principal elements of matter.
CLO 3 Describe the principal elements and solve problems relating to
mechanics (statics, kinetics, dynamics and fluid dynamics).
CLO 4 Investigate the principal elements and solve problems relating to
Thermodynamics.
CLO 5 Understand the principal elements relating to wave motion, optics
and sound
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Assessment Strategy and Plan

Test 1 (30%) CLO 1, 2, 3 – Week 9

Test 2 (30%) CLO 4 & 5 – Week 15

Final Assessment -
GCAA (40%):
CLO 1 – 5: Week 16
Math 20%
Physics 80%
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Learning Outcomes

1. Use Arithmetic, Algebraic and Geometric formulae and processes as

typically encountered in an aviation maintenance environment

1.1 Add, subtract, multiply and divide whole and decimal numbers
1.2 Identify proper and improper fractions and mixed numbers
1.3 Convert between improper fractions and mixed numbers
1.4 Add, subtract, multiply and divide fractions and mixed numbers
1.5 Determine the decimal equivalents of proper fractions.
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Arithmetic
Arithmetic is the branch of mathematics
dealing with the properties and
manipulation of numbers. Performing
arithmetic calculations with success
requires an understanding of the correct
methods and procedures.

The aviation maintenance professional

will need these tools to successfully
complete the maintenance, repair,
installation, or certification of aircraft
equipment.
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Arithmetic

Figure 1-1. Place Values.

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Arithmetic
Addition of Whole Numbers
Addition is a process in which the value of one number is added to the value of
another. The result is called the sum.

When adding several whole numbers, such as 4324, 122, 93132, and 10, align them
into columns according to the place value and then add.
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Arithmetic
Addition of Whole Numbers

If the sum in a column is greater than 9, write the right digit at the bottom of the
column and add the left digit into the sum of the column immediately to the left.
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Arithmetic
Subtraction of Whole Numbers

Subtraction is the process in which the value of one number is taken from the value
of another. The answer is called the difference. When subtracting two whole
numbers, such as 3 461 from 97 564, align them into columns according to place
value and then subtract.

When subtracting in any column, if the digit above the digit to be subtracted is
smaller than the digit to be subtracted, the digit directly to the left of this smaller
number can be reduced by 1 and the small digit can be increased by 10 before
subtraction takes place.
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Arithmetic
Multiplication of Whole Numbers
Multiplication is the process of repeated
addition. The result is called product. For
example, 4 x 3 is the same as 4 + 4 + 4.

Example: How many hydraulic system filters

are in the supply room if there are 5 cartons,
and each carton contains 4 filters? By
repeated addition:

4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 20 or 4 x 5 = 20
Multiplication of large numbers involves the
memorization of all combinations of the
multiplication of digits.
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Arithmetic
Multiplication of Whole Numbers

When multiplying large numbers, arrange the numbers to be multiplied vertically.

Be sure to align the numbers in columns to protect the place value of each number.
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Arithmetic
Division of Whole Numbers

Division is the process of finding how many times one number (called the divisor) is
contained in another number (called the dividend).

The result is the quotient, and any amount left over is called the remainder. A
division problem may be written as follows:

Using numbers, say 12 divided by 3, the problem could look like this:
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Arithmetic
Division of Whole Numbers

Example:
239 landing gear bolts need to be divided between 7 aircraft. How many blots will
each aircraft receive?

When divisor is greater than a single

digit number:
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Arithmetic
Worksheet

Calculate the sum of the following:

Calculate the difference of the following:

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Arithmetic
Worksheet

Calculate the product of the following:

Calculate the quotient of the following:

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Arithmetic
Factors and Multiples

 Any number that is the result of multiplying it to a given number is a multiple of

the given number.
The multiples of 24 are 24, 48, 72, 96, …

 Any number that can be divided into a given number without a remainder is a
factor of the given number.

The factors of 48 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12,

16, 24, 48.
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Arithmetic
Lowest Common Multiple (LCM)

 The lowest common multiple of two or more whole numbers is the smallest positive
number which is a common multiple of the numbers.

Example:
Find the LCM of 4 and 6.
Answer:
The multiples of 4 are 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, …
The multiples of 6 are 6, 12, 18, 24, ...

Looking at both lists gives us 12 as the lowest common multiple.

Example:
Find the LCM of 120 and 150.
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Arithmetic
Highest Common Factor (HCF)

 The highest common factor of two or more numbers is the highest number that
will divide into the numbers.

Example:
Find the HCF of 12 and 48.
Answer:
The factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12.
The factors of 48 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16,
24, 48.
Looking at both lists gives us 12 as the highest common factor.

Example:
Find the HCF of 84 and 120.
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Arithmetic
LCM and HCF

Find the LCM of each pair of numbers:

Find the HCF of each pair of numbers:

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Arithmetic
Operations in Mathematics

Example:
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Arithmetic
Reciprocal

 The reciprocal of a number is one divided by the number.

Example:
The reciprocal of 6 is 1/6.
The reciprocal of 45 is 1/45.

The reciprocal of 1/8 is 8 (or 8/1).

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Arithmetic
Fractions

A fraction represents part of something, or part of a whole thing.

For example, the capacity of a fuel tank is 4 metric tons of fuel. If we divide the
fuel tank into 4 equal parts (4 metric tons ÷ 4), each part has a capacity of 1
metric ton of fuel.
If one of the equal parts of the tank is filled with fuel, the tank has 1 metric ton of
fuel in it. A fraction that expresses this states the amount we are talking about
compared to the total capacity of the tank.

This is written as follows:

Therefore, when there is 1 metric ton of fuel

in a 4 metric ton tank, the tank is ¼ full.
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Arithmetic
Fractions

The bottom number represents the number of equal parts into which a whole item
has been divided. It is called the denominator.
The top number represents the specific amount of the whole item about which
we are concerned. It is called the numerator.

Example:
1 is the numerator
4 is the
denominator

The denominator of a fraction cannot be 0.

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Arithmetic
Fractions

A fraction is called a proper fraction when the numerator is smaller than the
denominator.
Example:

A fraction is called an improper fraction when the numerator is equal to or greater

than the denominator.
Example:
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Arithmetic
Fractions

Improper fractions may be expressed as a combination of a whole number and a

proper fraction. When expressed in this form, they are called mixed numbers.

Example:

as a combination of 5 and 1/4

Convert a mixed number to an improper fraction

To convert a mixed number to an improper Example:

fraction; multiply the denominator by the
whole number and add the numerator. The
product is then placed over the denominator.

The result is called an improper fraction.

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Arithmetic
Fractions

Convert an improper number to mixed number

To convert improper fractions to mixed numbers; divide the numerator by the denominator.
The result mixed number has quotient as whole number and remainder over denominator as
proper fraction.
Example:

Convert fraction to fraction in lowest term

To convert fractions to fractions in lowest Example:

terms, find a common divisor between the
numerator and the denominator and divide
both.
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Arithmetic
Fractions
Example:
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Arithmetic
Addition of Fractions
To add fractions, the denominators must be the same number known as a common
denominator.
Two ways to find the common denominator:
1. lowest, or least common denominator (LCD)
2. Multiply the denominators of the fractions together.

Example using LCD: One way to find the LCD is to list the multiples of each fractions
denominator and then choose the smallest one common to all fractions to be added.
To add 1/5 + 1/10, the LCD can be found as follows:
List the multiples of 5 -- 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 etc.
List of multiples of 10 – 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, etc.

Choose the smallest multiple common to each list. 10 is a multiple common to both
5 and 10 and it is the smallest.
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Arithmetic
Addition of Fractions

Example by multiplying the denominators of the fractions together:

To add 1/5 + 1/10 by multiplying the denominators can be found as follows:

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Arithmetic
Subtraction of Fractions

To subtract fractions, the denominators must be the same number known as a

common denominator.
The same basic procedure should be used for subtraction as for addition.

To subtract 7/8 - 1/5 the LCD can be found as follows:

List the multiples of 8 : 8, 16, 24, 32, 40 ,48, 56, 64, etc.
List the multiples of 5 : 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50,
55, etc.
Choose the smallest multiple common to each list. 40 is a multiple common to both
8 and 5 and it is the smallest.
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Arithmetic
Subtraction of Fractions
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Arithmetic
Multiplication of Fractions
Multiplication of fractions does not require a common denominator. To multiply
fractions, first multiply the numerators. Then, multiply the denominators.

Example:

Division of Fractions
To divide fractions, multiply by the reciprocal of the lower fraction.

Example:
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Arithmetic
Multiplication/Division of Fractions
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Arithmetic
Mixed Numbers
A mixed number is a combination of a whole number and a fraction.

Addition of Mixed Numbers

To add mixed numbers, add the whole numbers together. Then add the fractions
together by finding a common denominator. The final step is to add the sum of the
whole numbers to the sum of the fractions for the final result.
Example:
The cargo area behind the rear seat of a small airplane can handle solids that are 4 ¾ feet
long. If the rear seats are removed, then 2 1/3 feet is added to the cargo area. What is the
total length of the cargo area when the rear seats are removed?
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Arithmetic
Subtraction of Mixed Numbers

To subtract mixed numbers, find the common denominator for the fractions.
Subtract the fractions from each other (it may be necessary to borrow from the
larger whole number when subtracting the fractions). Subtract the whole numbers
from each other. The final step is to combine the final whole number with the final
fraction.
Example:
What is the length of the grip of the bolt shown in figure 1-3? The overall length of the bolt is 3 ½ inches, the
shank length is 3 1/8 inches, and the threaded portion is 1 5/16 inches long.
To find the grip, subtract the length of the threaded portion from the length of the shank.

Figure 1-3. Bolt Dimensions

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Arithmetic
Subtraction of Mixed Numbers
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Arithmetic
Subtraction of Mixed Numbers
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Arithmetic
Converting Decimal Numbers to Fractions

To change a decimal number to a fraction,

“read” the decimal, and then write it into a
fraction just as it is read as shown below:

Example:
One oversized rivet has a diameter of 0.52
inches. Convert 0.52 to a fraction.
The decimal 0.52 is read as "fifty-two
hundredths."
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Arithmetic
Converting Decimal Numbers to Fractions
An aviation mechanic frequently uses a steel rule that is calibrated in units of 1/64 of
an inch. To change a decimal to a nearest equivalent common fraction, multiply the
decimal by 64. The product of the decimal and 64 will be the numerator of the
fraction and 64 will be the denominator. Reduce the fraction, if needed.

Example: The width of a hex head bolt is 0.3123

inches. Convert the decimal 0.3123 to a common
fraction to decide which socket would be the best fit
for the bolt head.

Therefore, the correct socket would be the 5/16-inch

socket.
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Arithmetic
Converting Fractions to Decimal Numbers

To change a fraction to a decimal number, divide the numerator by the

denominator.

Example:
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Arithmetic
Decimal Equivalent Chart
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Arithmetic
Positive and Negative Numbers (signed numbers)

Positive numbers are numbers that are greater than zero. Negative numbers less
than zero. Signed numbers are also called integers.
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Arithmetic
Positive and Negative Numbers (signed numbers)

Addition of positive and negative numbers

The sum (addition) of two positive numbers is positive.
The sum (addition) of two negative numbers is negative

Example:
The weight of an aircraft is 2 000 pounds. A radio rack weighing 3 pounds and a
transceiver weighing 10 pounds are removed from the aircraft. What is the new
weight?

For weight and balance purposes, all weight removed from an aircraft is given a
minus sign, and all weight added is given a plus sign.

Therefore, the new weight is 1,987 pounds.

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Arithmetic
Positive and Negative Numbers (signed numbers)

Subtraction of positive and negative numbers

To subtract positive and negative numbers, first change the “-” (subtraction symbol)
to a “+” (addition symbol), and change the sign of the second number to its
opposite (that is, change a positive number to a negative number or vice versa).
Finally, add the two numbers together.
Example:
The daytime temperature in the city of Denver was 6° below zero (−6°). An airplane
is cruising at 15 000 feet above Denver. The temperature at 15 000 feet is 20°
colder than in the city of Denver. What is the temperature at 15 000 feet?.

Therefore, the temperature is −26°, or 26° below zero at 15 000 feet above
the city.
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Arithmetic
Positive and Negative Numbers (signed numbers)

Subtraction of positive and negative numbers

Solve the following:

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Arithmetic
Positive and Negative Numbers (signed numbers)

Multiplication / Division of positive and negative numbers

Example:
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Arithmetic
Ratio
A ratio is the result of one number or quantity divided by another.

Example:
A gear ratio of 5:7 can be expressed as any of the following:
5/7 or 5:7 or 5 to 7

Gear Ratio
Gear ratio is the number of teeth each gear represents when two gears are used in
an aircraft component.

Example:
The pinion gear has 8 teeth and the spur gear
has 28 teeth.

The gear ratio is 8:28 or 2:7

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Arithmetic
Proportion

A proportion is a statement of equality between two or more ratios.

Example :
An airplane flying a distance of 300 kilometers used 20 liters of gasoline. How many
liters will it need to travel 600 kilometers?

Therefore, to fly 600 kilometers, 40 liters of fuel will be required.

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Arithmetic
Example:

Q1. Express the following ratios in simplest form.

1. 21:54

2. 120:150

3. 92:104

Q2. Divide 75 dhs in the ratio 2:3 between Ahmad and Hassan.
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Arithmetic
Average Value
An average is a single value that typifies a list of values.

To find the average of a list of values, add together all of the values in the list and
divide the sum by the number of values in the list.

Example:
1. Find the average of the following list of numbers: 12, 10, 8, 4.

2. Average of 5 numbers is 16 and four of the numbers are 12, 14, 16 and 18. Find
the fourth number.
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Arithmetic
Expressing a Decimal Number as a Percentage
To express a decimal number in percent, move the decimal point two places to the
right (adding zeros if necessary) and then affix the percent symbol.
Example 1:
Express the following decimal
numbers as a percent.

Example 2:
Say you get 22 marks out of a total of 40 in a
Mathematics test. How would you find your
mark as a percentage?
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Arithmetic
Expressing a Percentage as a Decimal Number
To express a percentage as a decimal number, move the decimal point two places to
the left and drop the % symbol.

Example 1:
Express the following percentages as
decimal numbers.

Example 2:
In a shipment of 80 wingtip lights, 15% of the
lights were defective. How many of the lights
were defective?
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Arithmetic
Example:
1. There are 200 birds in a flock. 120 of them are female. What percentage of the
flock are:
a) female? b) male?

2. Write the fractions as percentages:

a) 7/8 b) 11/15

3. Evaluate the following:

a) 17% of 50 b) 50% of 17 c) 65% of 80
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Arithmetic
Powers and Indices
The power (or exponent) of a number is a shorthand method of indicating how
many times a number, called the base, is multiplied by itself. Powers and exponents
are also known as indices.

Squares and Cubes

When a number has a power of 2, it is commonly referred to as squared.
When a number has a power of 3, it is commonly referred to as cubed.

Negative Powers
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Arithmetic
Powers of Ten
Because we use the decimal system of numbers, powers of ten are frequently seen
in everyday applications. For example, scientific notation uses powers of ten.
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Arithmetic
Example:

Write in index form:

a) 2 2 2 2
b)

Evaluate the following. Where appropriate, leave your answer as a fraction.

a)
b)
c)
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Arithmetic
Denominated Numbers
Numbers that have a unit of measure associated with them, such as meter, kilowatt,
kilogram, liter, etc., are denominated numbers.

Example 1: Example 2:
Add 6 feet, 8 inches to 4 feet, 5 Add 20 degrees 44 minutes 6 seconds to
inches: 13 degrees 22 minutes 5 seconds
(20°44'6" and 13°22'5").

Since 13 in. is the equivalent of 1 ft

1 in., regroup the answer as 11 ft. This answer is regrouped as: 34
1 in. degrees, 6 minutes, 11 seconds.
(34°6'11") since, 66 minutes = 1° 6'.
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Arithmetic
Denominated Numbers

Example 3:
Subtract 16 deg. 8 min. 2 sec. from 28 deg. 4 min. 3 sec. (16°8'2" and 28°4'3").

In order to subtract 8 min from 4 min, we

regroup:

Example 4:
3 × (5 yards, 2 feet, 6 inches)

Simplifying:
18 inches = 1 feet 6 inches. Thus, the product can be re-written by combining feet:
15 yards, 7 feet, 6 inches. However, simplifying further, 7 feet = 2 yards + 1 foot.
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Arithmetic
Engineering Format Symbol/Prefix

Example 1:
Write 517.3 nanograms, first using the
appropriate symbol, then using
engineering format.

Example 2:
Find the sum of the following, giving your
answer in the basic unit.
i = 3.5A + 0.42kA + 81.3 mA
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Arithmetic
Area and Volume
Area is a measurement of the amount of
surface of an object and is expressed in
square units.

Area of Parallelogram
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Arithmetic
Area of Triangle Area of Trapezoid
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Arithmetic
Area of Circle Area of Ellipse
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Arithmetic
Wing Area

Example :
Find the area of a tapered wing whose span is
15 meters and whose mean chord is 2 meters.
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Arithmetic
Area and Volume

Volume is the amount of space within an

object and is expressed in cubic units.

Rectangular Solids
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Arithmetic
Volume of Cylinder Volume of Sphere

Volume of Cone
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Arithmetic
Calculate the perimeter and area of the shapes below:

11c
13c m
m
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Arithmetic
Calculate the volume of the shapes below:

S=4 r = 11 inch
m H = 21 inch

H = 17 ft r = 3 mm
L = 21 ft r = 28 cm H = 15mm
W = 18 ft