Web Basic

Internet
 The Internet is a global system of interconnected
computer networks that use the standard Internet
Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users
worldwide.
 Today, Internet is simply a network of world-wide
network of computer networks connected to each
other by devices called Internetworking devices.
 The computers on the Internet contains
information on history, politics and medicine, science
and technology, sports, current events and many more
topics and thus it is also called ‘information super
highway’.
 The Internet is growing exponentially every day
and has made the planet a ‘global village’ where
everybody can be connected to each other.
Intranet
 An intranet is a private computer network that
uses Internet Protocol technologies to securely
share any part of an organization's
information or operational systems within that
organization.
 A network within an organization that uses
Internet technologies (such as the HTTP or FTP
protocol).
 Intranet can be called internal Internet. Only
the employees of the company can use this
network.
Extranet
 An extranet is a private network that uses
Internet protocols, network connectivity.
 An extranet can be viewed as part of a
company's intranet that is extended to users
outside the company, usually via the Internet.
 An Extranet is an Intranet that supports
controlled public access.
 Extranets offer controlled access to an
Intranet for remote access and e-commerce
purposes.
WWW (World Wide Web)
 WWW is a system of interlinked hypertext documents
that are accessed via the Internet. With a web
browser, one can view web pages that may contain
text, images, videos, and other multimedia and
navigate between them via hyperlinks.
 Tim Berners Lee, a British computer scientist
invented WWW in 1989.
 Consists of all the public Web sites connected to the
Internet worldwide, including the client devices (such
as computers and cell phones) that access Web
content.
 The WWW is just one of many applications of the
Internet and computer networks and is based on:
HTML, HTTP, Web servers and Web browsers.
How does WWW works?
 Web information is stored in documents called Web pages
(Html files). Web pages are files stored on computers
called Web servers. Computers reading the Web
pages are called Web clients. Web clients view the
pages with a program called a Web browser.
 A web browser is client software that allows you to
display and interact with a hypertext document
hosted on the web server. Popular browsers are Chrome,
Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Internet Explorer and Netscape
Navigator. A browser fetches a Web page from a server by
a request. A request is a standard HTTP request containing
a page location address. Something like:
http://www.someone.com/page.htm
 All Web pages contain display instructions like HTML tags
which the browser reads to display page information.
Who is making web standards?
 The rule-making body of the Web is the W3C (
World Wide Web Consortium) founded in
1994 and currently led by Tim Berners-Lee
(Inventor of WWW), the consortium is made
up of member organizations which maintain
full-time staff for the purpose of working
together with IETF in the development of
standards for the World Wide Web.
 W3C puts together specifications for
Web standards.
 Some common web standards are HTML, CSS,
XML, SOAP, XQUERY, XPATH, XSLT, WSDL etc.
Static Web pages:
 Static Web pages are very simple.
 It is written in languages such as HTML,
JavaScript, CSS, etc.
 For static web pages when a server receives a
request for a web page, then the server sends
the response to the client without doing any
additional process.
 And these web pages are seen through a web
browser.
 In static web pages, Pages will remain the
same until someone changes it manually.
Dynamic Web Pages:
 Dynamic Web Pages are written in languages
such as CGI, AJAX, ASP, ASP.NET, etc.
 In dynamic web pages, the Content of pages
is different for different visitors.
 It takes more time to load than the static web
page.
 Dynamic web pages are used where the
information is changed frequently, for
example, stock prices, weather information,
etc.
Difference between static and dynamic
web pages
Web client
 The client side (user side) of the Web.
 A Web client typically refers to the Web
browser in the user's machine or mobile
device.
 It may also refer to extensions and helper
applications that enhance the browser to
support special services from the site.
 The web client can be said as an application
or web program (like Google Chrome, Internet
Explorer, Opera, Firefox, Safari) which is
presented in a PC and used to interface with
Web laborers upon customer's sales.
Web server
 A Web server is a computer where the web
content is stored. Basically web server is used
to host the web sites but there exists other
web servers also such as gaming, storage,
FTP, email etc.
 It has two functions basically:
 Connect to databases or other web server and
get data
 Get that data and pass in to the
client( mostly browser or an App) which
the client had requested.
Client Server Architecture
 Client/Server Model
 The client–server model is a computing model
that acts as distributed application which
partitions tasks or workloads between the
providers of a resource or service, called
servers, and service requesters, called clients.
 Often clients and servers communicate over a
computer network on separate hardware, but
both client and server may reside in the same
system.
 A server machine is a host that is running one
or more server programs which share their
resources with clients.
 A client does not share any of its resources,
but requests a server's content or service
function. Clients therefore initiate
communication sessions with servers which
await incoming requests.
 Client/Server Architecture
 Client server network architecture consists of
two kinds of computers: clients and servers.
 Clients are the computers that that do not
share any of its resources but requests data
and other services from the server computers
and server computers provide services to the
client computers by responding to client
computers requests.
 Normally servers are powerful computers and
clients are less powerful personal computers.
 Web servers are included as part of a larger
package of internet and intranet related
programs for serving e- mail, downloading
requests for FTP files and building and
publishing web pages.
 Advantages
 The client/ server architecture reduces
network traffic by providing a query response
to the user rather than transferring total files.
 The client/ server model improves multi-user
updating through a graphical user interface
(GUI) front end to the shared database.
 Easy to implement security policies, since the
data are stored in central location
 Simplified network administration
 Disadvantages
 Failure of the server causes whole network to
be collapsed
 Expensive than P2P, Dedicated powerful
servers are needed
 Extra effort are needed for administering and
managing the server.
 2-Tier Architecture
 2-tier architecture is used to describe
client/server systems where the client
requests resources and the server responds
directly to the request, using its own
resources.
 This means that the server does not call on
another application in order to provide part of
the service.
 It runs the client processes separately from
the server processes, usually on a different
computer:
 The client processes provide an interface for the
customer, and gather and present data usually on the
customer’s computer. This part of the application is the
presentation layer
 – The server processes provide an interface with the
data store of the business. This part of the application is
the data layer
 The business logic that validates data, monitors
security and permissions, and performs other business
rules can be housed on either the client or the server,
or split between the two.
 Fundamental units of work required to complete the business
process
 Business rules can be automated by an application program.
 3-Tier Architecture
 In 3-tier architecture, there is an intermediary
level, meaning the architecture is generally
split up between:
o A client, i.e. the computer, which requests the
resources, equipped with a user interface
(usually a web browser) for presentation
purposes
o The application server (also called middleware),
whose task it is to provide the requested
resources, but by calling on another server
o The data server, which provides the application
server with the data it requires
 N-Tier Architecture (multi-tier)
 N-tier architecture (with N more than 3) is
really 3 tier architectures in which the middle
tier is split up into new tiers.
 The application tier is broken down into
separate parts.
 The primary advantage of N-tier architectures
is that they make load balancing possible.
 Since the application logic is distributed
between several servers, processing can then
be more evenly distributed among those
servers.
 N-tiered architectures are also more easily
scalable, since only servers experiencing high
demand, such as the application server, need
be upgraded.
 The primary disadvantage of N-tier
architectures is that it is also more difficult to
program and test an N-tier architecture due to
its increased complexity.
Advantages of n-tier architecture
 Changes to the user interface or to the
application logic are largely independent from
one another, allowing the application to evolve
easily to meet new requirements.
 Network bottlenecks are minimized because the
application layer does not transmit extra data to
the client, only what is needed to handle a task.
 The client is insulated from database and
network operations. The client can access data
easily and quickly without having to know where
data is or how many servers are on the system.
 Database connections can be 'pooled' and
thus shared by several users, which greatly
reduces the cost associated with per-user
licensing.
 The organization has database independence
because the data layer is written using
standard SQL which is platform independent.
The enterprise is not tied to vendor- specific
stored procedures.
 The application layer can be written in
standard third or fourth generation languages,
such as ASP, PHP with which the
organization's in-house programmers are
An overview of HTTP
 HTTP is a protocol which allows the fetching
of resources, such as HTML documents.
 It is the foundation of any data exchange on
the Web and it is a client-server protocol,
which means requests are initiated by the
recipient, usually the Web browser.
 A complete document is reconstructed from
the different sub-documents fetched, for
instance text, layout description, images,
videos, scripts, and more.
 Clients and servers communicate by
exchanging individual messages (as
opposed to a stream of data).
 The messages sent by the client, usually a
Web browser, are called requests and the
messages sent by the server as an answer
are called responses.
HTTP Request
 Requests consists of the following elements:
 An HTTP method, usually a verb
like GET, POST or a noun
like OPTIONS or HEAD that defines the
operation the client wants to perform.
 Typically, a client wants to fetch a resource
(using GET) or post the value of an HTML
form (using POST), though more operations
may be needed in other cases.
 The path of the resource to fetch; the URL of
the resource stripped from elements that are
obvious from the context,
 for example without the protocol (http://),
the domain (here, developer.mozilla.org), or
the TCP port (here, 80).
 The version of the HTTP protocol.
 Optional headers that convey additional
information for the servers.
 Or a body, for some methods like POST,
similar to those in responses, which contain
the resource sent.
HTTP Response
 Responses consist of the following elements:
 The version of the HTTP protocol they follow.
 A status code, indicating if the request was
successful, or not, and why.
 A status message, a non-authoritative short
description of the status code.
 HTTP headers, like those for requests.
 Optionally, a body containing the fetched
resource.
Client-side scripts
 A client-side script is a program that is
processed within the client browser.
 These kinds of scripts are small programs
which are downloaded, compiled and run by
the browser.
 JavaScript is an important client-side
scripting language and widely used in
dynamic websites.
 The script can be embedded within
the HTML or stored in an external file.
 External scripts are sent to the client from
the server when they are requested.
 Scripts can also be executed as a result of
the user doing something like pressing a
page button.
 Client-side scripts can often be looked at if
the user chooses to view the source code
of the page.
 JavaScript code is widely copied and
recycled.
Server-side scripts
 A server-side script is processed on the
web server when the user requests
information.
 These kinds of scripts can run before a web
page is loaded.
 They are needed for anything that requires
dynamic data, such as storing user login
details.
 Some common server-side languages
include PHP, Python, Ruby and Java.
 These execute like programming
languages on the server.
 When a server-side script is processed, the
request is sent to the server and the result
is sent back to the client.
 This is useful for websites which store large
amounts of data, such as search engines or
social networks - it would be very slow for
the client browser to download all the data.