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Presentation 10 ANOVA-Table-Components Explanation Sum24

ANOVA, or Analysis of Variance, is a statistical method developed by Ronald Fisher in 1918 to test differences between two or more means by analyzing variance. It includes one-way ANOVA for comparing multiple unrelated groups and two-way ANOVA for examining interactions between two independent variables. The method assesses the significance of factors by comparing means and provides a framework to test multiple hypotheses simultaneously.

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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
31 views20 pages

Presentation 10 ANOVA-Table-Components Explanation Sum24

ANOVA, or Analysis of Variance, is a statistical method developed by Ronald Fisher in 1918 to test differences between two or more means by analyzing variance. It includes one-way ANOVA for comparing multiple unrelated groups and two-way ANOVA for examining interactions between two independent variables. The method assesses the significance of factors by comparing means and provides a framework to test multiple hypotheses simultaneously.

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Raghib Ashab
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ANOVA-(Analysis of Variance)

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Dr. JAHIDUL HASSAN


Professor, Department of Horticulture,
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BSMRAU
ANOVA
ANOVA stands for “Analysis Of Variance”. Ronald Fisher founded ANOVA in the year
1918. The name Analysis of Variance was derived based on the approach in which
the method uses the variance to determine the means, whether they are different or
equal.

It is a statistical method used to test the differences between two or more means. It is
used to test general differences rather than specific differences among means. It
assesses the significance of one or more factors by comparing the response variable
means at different factor levels.

The null hypothesis states that all population means are equal. The alternative
hypothesis proves that at least one population mean is different. It provides a way to
test various null hypothesis at the same time.
General Purpose
The reason for performing this is to see whether any difference exists between
the groups on some variable. Today researchers are using ANOVA in many
ways. The usage of this totally depends on the research design. You can use
a t-test to compare two samples, but when there are more than two
samples to be compared, ANOVA is the best method to be used.

The fundamental strategy of ANOVA is to systematically examine


variability within groups being compared and also examine variability
among the groups being compared.
The t-test tests the null hypothesis that two population means are equal, i.e:

The One-way ANOVA can test the equality of several population means. That is:
ANOVA Types
1. One Way between groups
One Way is used to check whether there is any significant difference between
the means of three or more unrelated groups. It mainly tests the null
hypothesis.

H₀: µ₁ = µ₂ = µ₃ = ….. = µₓ

Where µ means group mean and x means a number of groups. One Way
gives a significant result. One way is an omnibus test statistic, and it will not let
you know which specific groups were different from each other. To know the
specific group or groups that differed from others, you need to do a post hoc
test (i.e HSD test).

This is known as one-way ANOVA because each value is classified in


exactly one way
The general form of a results table from a one-way ANOVA, for a total of N
observations in k groups is shown in Table 1 below.

One-way ANOVA-Model
Explanation the rows of ANOVA table:
The above table shows 3 rows relating to different sources of variation and a
number of columns containing calculated values related to each source of variance.

Row 1 relates to variation between the means of the groups; the values are almost
always either referred to as “between group” terms or are identified by the ‘grouping
factor’. For example, data from different analysts are grouped by ‘analyst’. We can
also be more specific and label it as an “analyst effect” or “between-analyst”.

Row 2 refers to variation within each group (or analyst, for example), meaning the
sample standard deviation of each group as compared with the overall performance
of other group members. Several different terms may be used to describe this within
group variation, “within-group”, “residual”, “error”, or “measurement” being the
most popular.

Row 3 on “Total” is not always given by software, but it is fairly consistently labelled
“Total” when present.
Explanation the columns of ANOVA table:
Under the column section of the ANOVA table, we have the following subjects:

Sum of squares (SS)


The SS terms are calculated by adding a series of squared error terms. In the case
of within-group SS term SSw, we are interested in the differences between the
individual data points and the mean of the group to which they belong.
For the Total SS term, it is the difference between the individual data points and the
mean of all the data (the “grand or overall mean”) that is of interest. The between-
group SS term is conveniently the difference between the Total SS and the within-
group SS.
Degrees of freedom v
For the one-way ANOVA in the table 1, the total number of data points is N and
the number of groups of data is k. The total number of degrees of freedom is N –
1, just as for a simple data set of size N.

There are k different groups and therefore, k – 1 degrees of freedom for the
between-group effect. The degrees of freedom associated with the within-group
SS term is the difference between the two values, N – k. Of course, if each group
of data contains the same number of replicates, n, then the degrees of freedom
for the within-group SS can be simplified to be equal to k(n – 1) and the total
number of observations is N – kn.
Mean squares MS
The mean squares are the key term in classical ANOVA. They are variances,
calculated by dividing the between- and within-group sum of squares by the
appropriate number of degrees of freedom. In Table 1, MSb represents the
between-group MS term (sometimes denoted M1) and MSw represents the
within-group MS term (sometimes denoted M0).

The mean squares are the values used in the subsequent test for significant
difference between the group means. These mean squares also allow estimation
of the variance components, i.e. the separate variances for each different effect
that contributes to the overall dispersion of the data.
F (or F Ratio)
The mean squares are compared using an F-test as indicated in the above
table. The hypothesis for the F -test in Table 1 are:
Ho : MSb = MSw
H1 : MSb > MSw
If all means are ‘equal’ (or not significantly different), the two mean squares
should also be not significantly different and hence Ho is true.

We expect MSb to be equal or greater than MSw as it has included an extra


element of variance between group and variance cannot be negative. Therefore,
this F-test is a one-tailed test for whether MSb is greater than MSw with formula
MSb/MSw. This is the value shown in the column F in Table 1. No value for F is
given for the residual mean square, as there is no other effect with which it can
usefully be compared.
Fcrit and p-Value
Many ANOVA tables include one or two further columns, containing the critical
value Fcrit against which the calculated value F is to be compared for a chosen
significance level, and a p-value including the significance of the test.

These are important information for interpreting the outcome. For example, if a
chosen significance level is set at 0.05, then a calculated F value which is less than
Fcrit at this significance level or a calculated p-value which is more than 0.05 would
indicate that the MSb is not significantly different from MSw and hence, the mean
values given by the group are not significantly different from each other.
Example of One Way ANOVA
20 people are selected to test the effect of five different exercises. 20 people are
divided into 4 groups with 5 members each. Their weights are recorded after a few
days. The effect of the exercises on the 5 groups of men is compared. Here weight is
the only one factor.
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2. Two way ANOVA-between groups
The two way ANOVA compares the mean difference between groups that have been
split into two factors. A two-way ANOVA’s main objective is to find out if there is any
interaction between the two independent variables on the dependent variables. It
also lets you know whether the effect of one of your independent variables on the
dependent variable is the same for all the values of your other independent variable.

Example
The research of the effect of fertilizers on yield of rice. You apply five fertilizers of
different quality on five plots of land, each cultivating rice. The yield from each plot of
land is recorded, and the difference between each plot is observed. Here the effect
of the fertility of the plots can also be studied. Thus there are two factors, Fertilizer
and Fertility.
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Two-way ANOVA Model
If we have a two-way classification with I rows and J columns, with K observations

Yijk , k =1,...,K in each cell, then the usual two-way fixed-effects analysis of
variance model is

This is known as Two-way ANOVA because each value is classified in two


different ways (rows and columns wise).
Parametric and Non Parametric ANOVA test
If the information about the population is completely known by means of its
parameters, then the statistical test performed is called the Parametric test.

If the information about the population of parameters is unknown, it is still


required to test the hypothesis; then it is called a non-parametric test.
THANK YOU ALL

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