Introduction

• Python is a general purpose, interpreted and high-level

programming language
• It’s design philosophy emphasizes code readability.
• Its syntax are said to be clear and expressive.
• Python interpreters are available for many operating systems.
• Like Java, once written, programs can be run on any operating
system.

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 History
• The history of Python starts with ABC.
• Python was conceptualized by Guido Van Rossum in the late
1980s.
• It was in late 1980’s, when Guido van Rossum came up with an
idea to develop a programming language while working in
CWI(Centrum Wiskunde and Informatica), Amsterdam, for a
project named Amoeba which is a distributed operating system.
• He along with his team was using ABC language for their project
which was not able to handle exceptions and interface with the
Amoeba Operating System.

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 History
• In December, 1989, he actually started implementing his ideas to
develop a new programming language that is capable of exception
handling with several other programming paradigms.
• Rossum being a big fan of a British sketch comedy series, Monty
Python’s Flying Circus, named the language as Python.
• Python came into sight on 20 Feb, 1991 for the very first time with
a version 0.9.0.

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 History
• Python 0.9.0 - February 20, 1991
• Python 1.0 - January 1994
• Python 2.0 - October 16, 2000
• Python 3.0 - December 3, 2008
• Python 3.7 - June 27, 2018
• Python 3.11 -November 2022,
• Python 3.12.0 2 October 2023

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 Running Python scripts

Method One: Interactive Mode

• The most basic way to run code is to enter and run lines of code in
the Terminal.
• start Python by typing in python at the $ command prompt, type
in print "Hello and hit enter.
Ex :
• >>> print(“hello”)
o/p :hello

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 Running Python scripts

Method 2: Running a Python Script in the Terminal

• Python code is written in plain text files, typically given a “.py”
extension.
• Open up a Terminal window. Let’s say you saved your script with
the name hello_world.py in your Documents folder.
• Navigate to the Documents folder by typing in cd Documents and
hit enter.
• Then to run your code type in python hello_world.py and hit
enter. Your code will run and you’ll see the output.
$python hello_world.py
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 Running Python scripts

Method 3: Running a Python Script in Jupyter notebook

Install the classic Jupyter Notebook with:

pip notebook

To run the notebook:

jupyter notebook

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 Example Program

name="Devansh"
age=6
print("Name:",name)
print("Age:",age)

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 program to convert height in feet and inches to cm. [1 feet = 12
inch and 1 inch= 2.54 cm

print("Input your height: ")

h_ft = int(input("Feet: "))
h_inch = int(input("Inches: "))
h_inch += h_ft * 12
h_cm = round(h_inch * 2.54, 1)
print("Your height is : %d cm." % h_cm)

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 Comments in python
Single line comments:
• # This would be a comment in Python
Multi line comments:
• “””” This would be a multiline comment in Python that spans
several lines and describes your code, your day, or anything you
want it to … “””

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 Variables
• A Python variable is a reserved memory location to store values.
• A variable is a symbolic name for this physical location.
• This memory location contains values, like numbers, text or more
complicated types.
i = 42
S=“hi”
Z=10.5

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 Cont ..
Ex:
counter = 100 # An integer assignment
miles = 1000.0 # A floating point
name = "John" # A string
print (counter)
print (miles)
print (name)

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 Python Identifiers

• Identifier is the name given to entities like class, functions,

variables etc. in Python.
• It helps differentiating one entity from another.
Rules for writing identifiers or variables
• Identifiers can be a combination of letters in lowercase (a to z) or
uppercase (A to Z) or digits (0 to 9) or an underscore (_).
• An identifier cannot start with a digit.
• Keywords cannot be used as identifiers.
• We cannot use special symbols like !, @, #, $, % etc. in identifier

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 Input and output
• input() and print() are widely used for standard input and output
operations respectively.
• print() function is used to output data to the standard output
device (screen).
Syntax:
Print(variable)
Ex:
a=5
Print(a) or print(“value of c is”,c)

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 Input and output
• Input() function is used to read the input form the user.
variable=input(“Enter Value ”)
• By default type of entered value is string.
• int() or float() functions are used convert this string number in to
integer or float.
a=input(“enter a value”)
a=int(a) or a=float(a)

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 Keywords in python
• There are 33 keywords in Python 3.3.
• Keywords are the reserved words in Python. We cannot use a
keyword as variable name, function name or any other identifier.
Keywords in Python programming language
False class finally is return
None continue for lambda try
True def from nonlocal while
and del global not with
as elif if or yield
assert else import pass
break except in raise

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 Indentation in python

• A block is a group of statements in a program or script.

• Python does not use braces({}) to indicate blocks of code for class
and function definitions or flow control.
• In python Blocks of code are denoted by line indentation.
• Python programs get structured through indentation, i.e. code
blocks are defined by their indentation.

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 Cont …

• All statements with the same distance to the right belong to the
same block of code.
• If a block has to be more deeply nested, it is simply indented
further to the right.
• Leading whitespace (spaces and tabs) at the beginning of a logical
line is used to compute the indentation level of the line, which in
turn is used to determine the grouping of statements.

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 Cont …

• Ex:
a=input("enter a")
b=input("enter b")
if a>b:
print('a is big')
print("hi")
else:
print("b is big")

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 Basic Data types in Python
• Every value in Python has a data type.

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 Basic Data types in Python
1.Integers (int): Whole numbers, such as -5, 0, 42.
2.Floating-Point Numbers (float): Numbers with a decimal point, such as -3.14, 2.718.
3.Strings (str): Sequences of characters, enclosed in single (' ') or double (" ") quotes.
For example, "Hello, World!".
4.Booleans (bool): Represents either True or False, often used for logical operations.
5.Lists (list): Ordered collections of items that can be of different data types. Lists are
mutable (can be changed after creation). Example: [1, 2, 3, "apple"].
6.Tuples (tuple): Similar to lists, but immutable (cannot be changed after creation).
Example: (1, 2, 3, "apple").
7.Dictionaries (dict): Key-value pairs, where each key maps to a value.
Example: {"name": "John", "age": 30}.
8.Sets (set): Unordered collections of unique elements. Example: {1, 2, 3}.
9.Complex Numbers (complex): Numbers with a real and an imaginary part. Example: 1 + 2j.

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 Data types
• We can use the type() function to know type a variable.
Ex:
a= 5
b = 2.0
c = 1+2j
d = "Hi"
e=[1,2,"bye"]
f=(5,6,1.2)
g={8,9,20}
Output:
h={"name":"Ram","id":70459}
5 is of type: <class 'int'>
print(a, "is of type:", type(a)) 2.0 is of type: <class 'float'>
print(b, "is of type:", type(b)) (1+2j) is of type : <class 'complex'>
print(c, "is of type :", type(c)) Hi is of type: <class 'str'>
print(d, "is of type:", type(d)) [1, 2, 'bye'] is of type: <class 'list'>
print(e, "is of type:", type(e)) (5, 6, 1.2) is of type : <class 'tuple'>
print(f, "is of type :", type(f))
{8, 9, 20} is of type : <class 'set'>
{'name': 'Ram', 'id': 70459} is of type : <class 'dict'>
print(g, "is of type :", type(g))
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 Python Operators

• Operators are used to perform operations on variables(operands).

Python provides the following operators:
1. Arithmetic operators
2. Assignment operators
3. Comparison operators
4. Logical operators
5. Identity operators
6. Membership operators
7. Bitwise operators

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 Arithmetic Operators

• Arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform

common mathematical operations

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 Arithmetic Operators

x=5
y=2
print('Addition=',x+y)
print('subtraction =',x-y)
print('multiplication =',x*y)
print('division =',x/y) Output:
Addition= 7
print('Floor dvision =',x//y) subtraction = 3
multiplication = 10
print('Remainder =',x%y) division = 2.5
print('Exponentiation =',x**y) Floor dvision = 2
Remainder = 1
Exponentiation = 25

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 Assignment Operators

• Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables:

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 Comparison/Relational Operators

• Comparison operators are used to compare two values:

• It either returns True or False according to the condition.

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 Comparison Operators

x = 10
y = 12
print('x > y is',x>y)
print('x < y is',x<y)
print('x == y is',x==y)
print('x != y is',x!=y)
print('x >= y is',x>=y)
print('x <= y is',x<=y)

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 Logical Operators

• Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements

Ex:
x=5

print(x > 3 and x < 4)

print(x > 3 or x < 4)
print(not(x==5))

Output:
False
True
False
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 Membership operators

• They are used to test whether a value or variable is found in a

sequence (string, list, tuple, set and dictionary).
• In a dictionary we can only test for presence of key, not the
value.

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 Membership operators

x = 'Hello world'
print('H' in x)
print('S' in x)
print('Hello' not in x)

Output:
True
False
False

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 Bitwise operators
• These operators act upon the individual bits (0 & 1) of their
operands.
• It operates bit by bit, hence the name.
• For example, 2 is 10 in binary and 7 is 111.

1. Bitwise AND (&)

2. Bitwise OR (|)
3. Bitwise XOR (^)
4. Bitwise Complements (~)
5. Bitwise Left shift (<<)
6. Bitwise Right shift (>>)
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 Bitwise operators
int x=10; int y=11;
X: 0000 1010
Y: 0000 1011
X&Y : 0000 1010
result is 10
X: 0000 1010
Y: 0000 1011
X|Y : 0000 1011
result is 11
X: 0000 1010
Y: 0000 1011
X^Y : 0000 0001
result is 1
a = 0011
~a = 1100

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 Bitwise operators
Bitwise Left Shift Operator «
• This operator shifts the bits of the number towards left a
specified number of positions.

X<<n=x*2n

X=10;
X<<2=10x22
=10x4= 40

Bitwise Right Shift Operator (»)

• This operator shifts the bits of the number towards right a
specified number of positions.
X=10;
X>>n=x/ 2n
X>>2=10/22
=10/4=2

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 Identity operators
• is and is not are the identity operators in Python.

Ex:
a1 = 3
b1 = 3

print(a1 is b1)
print(a1 is not b1)

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 Precedence and Associativity of Operators
in Python

• Operators have different levels of precedence, which determine the order in which
they are evaluated.
• When multiple operators are present in an expression, the ones with higher
precedence are evaluated first.
• In the case of operators with the same precedence, their associativity comes into play,
determining the order of evaluation.

What is the value of below expression?

10 + 20 * 30

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 Precedence and Associativity of Operators
in Python
Precedence Operators Description Associativity
1 () Parentheses Left to right
2 ** Exponentiation Right to left
3 ~x bitwise NOT Right to left
Multiplication, matrix, division, floor division,
4 *, @, /, //, % Left to right
remainder
5 +, – Addition and subtraction Left to right
6 <<, >> Shifts Left to right
7 & Bitwise AND Left to right
8 ^ Bitwise XOR Left to right
9 | Bitwise OR Left to right
in, not in, is, is not, <, <=, >, >=, !
10 Comparisons, membership tests, identity tests Left to Right
=, ==
11 and logical AND Left to right
12 or Logical OR Left to right
18 := Assignment expression (walrus operator) Right to left

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 Precedence and Associativity of Operators
in Python
2. 100 / 10 * 10

In this expression ‘*’ and ‘/’ have the same

precedence and their associativity is Left to Right,
so the expression “100 / 10 * 10” is evaluated as

=(100 / 10) * 10
=10*10
value=100

3. What is the value of 100 + 200 / 10 - 3

* 10
4. What is the value of 4+3*2&4|6

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 What is the value of 100 + 200 / 10 - 3 * 10

1.First, perform the multiplication and division:

1. 200 / 10 = 20
2. 3 * 10 = 30
2.Then, perform the addition and subtraction from left to right:
1. 100 + 20 = 120
2. 120 - 30 = 90
So, the value of the expression "100 + 200 / 10 - 3 * 10" is 90.

What is the value of 4+3*2&4|6

1.Multiplication: 3 * 2 = 6
2.Addition: 4 + 6 = 10
3.Bitwise AND: 10 & 4 = 0 (In binary, 10 is 1010 and 4 is 0100. The result of a
bitwise AND is 0 where there are differing bits.)
4.Bitwise OR: 0 | 6 = 6 (In binary, 0 is 0000 and 6 is 0110. The result of a bitwise OR
is 1 where there is at least one 1.)
So, the final result of the expression is 6.

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 Evaluate the expression step by step according to operator precedence
and associativity and print the final output for x = 10 and y = 50 x ** 2
> 100 and y < 100

Let's evaluate it step by step:

1.Evaluate x ** 2:
•x = 10
•x ** 2 = 10 ** 2 = 100
2.Evaluate y < 100:
•y = 50
•y < 100 is true because 50 is indeed less than 100.
3.Now, we have 100 > 100 and True. To evaluate the and operator, we need both sides to be
True for the whole expression to be True. Since the first part, 100 > 100, is False (because
100 is not greater than 100), the whole expression is False.
So, the final output for x = 10 and y = 50 is False.

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Write a python program which prompts a user to enter the Basic salary to calculate the Total salary of an
Employee considering the bonus and conveyance offered to him. Display the Total salary with two digits after
the decimal point.
HRA = 20% of Basic
DA = 105 % of Basic
Conveyance = Rs1300
Bonus = Rs1000 Code:
# Get the basic salary from the user

basic_salary = float(input("Enter the Basic salary: "))

hra = 0.20 * basic_salary

da = 1.05 * basic_salary
conveyance = 1300
bonus = 1000
total_salary = basic_salary + hra + da + conveyance + bonus

print(f"Total Salary: {total_salary:.2f}")

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 Decision making (or) conditional Statements
• Decision making is required when we want to execute a code
only if a certain condition is satisfied.
1. The if statement
2. The if else statement
3. if...elif...else Statement
4. Nested if statements

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 if statement
Syntax:
if test expression:
statement(s)

• Here, the program evaluates the test expression and will execute
statement(s) only if the text expression is True.
• If the text expression is False, the statement(s) is not executed.
• In Python, the body of the if statement is indicated by the indentation.
• Body starts with an indentation and the first unindented line marks
the end.
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 if statement
num = 3
if num>0:
print(num, "is a positive number.")
print("This is always printed.")

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 if...else Statement
Syntax:
if test expression:
Body of if
else:
Body of else
• The if..else statement evaluates test expression and will execute
body of if only when test condition is True.
• If the condition is False, body of else is executed.
• Indentation is used to separate the blocks.

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 if...else Statement
no=input("enter number")
no=int(no)
if(no%5==0 and no%11==0):
print("number is divisible by 5 and 11")
else:
print("number is not divisible by 5 and 11")

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 if...elif...else Statement
if condition1:
# Code to be executed if condition1 is True
elif condition2:
# Code to be executed if condition2 is True
else:
# Code to be executed if none of the conditions are True

• if...elif...else Statement allows you to execute different blocks of code based on specified
conditions.

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 if...elif...else Statement
• If the condition for if is False, it checks the condition of the
next elif block and so on.
• If all the conditions are False, body of else is executed.
• Only one block among the several if...elif...else blocks is
executed according to the condition.
• The if block can have only one else block. But it can have
multiple elif blocks.

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 if...elif...else Statement
a=int(input("enter numbers"))
b=int(input("enter numbers"))
c=int(input("enter numbers"))
if(a>b and a>c):
print(a,"is big")
elif b>c:
print(b,"is big")
else:
print(c,"is big")

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 Nested if statement
• We can have a if...elif...else statement inside another
if...elif...else statement. This is called nesting in computer programming.
Example:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if num >= 0:
if num == 0:
print("Zero")
else:
print("Positive number")
else:
print("Negative number")
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 Program:
signal=input ("enter signal")
if(signal=="red"):
print("STOP")
elif(signal=="orange"):
print ("Be slow")
elif(signal=="green"):
print ("to go")
else:
print("error")

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 score=float(input("enter score"))
if(score>=0.9 and score<=1.0):
print("A")
elif(score>=0.8 and score<0.9):
print("B")
elif(score>=0.7 and score<0.8):
print("C")
elif(score>=0.6 and score<0.7):
print("D")
elif(score<0.6):
print("F")
else:
print("error")

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MRP=int(input("enter MRP"))
if(MRP>=1 and MRP<2000):
discount=0.05*MRP
elif(MRP>=2000 and MRP<5000):
discount=0.1*MRP
elif(MRP>=5000 and MRP<10000):
discount=0.15*MRP
elif(MRP>10000):
discount=0.2*MRP
else:
print("error")
amount=MRP-discount
GST=0.09*amount
paidamount=amount+GST
print("MRP Discount GST Paidamount")
print(MRP," ",discount," ",GST,"
",paidamount)

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# Get the month from the user
month = int(input("Enter a month (1-12): "))

# Check the month and determine the season

if month in [12, 1, 2]:
season = "Winter"
elif month in [3, 4, 5]:
season = "Spring"
elif month in [6, 7, 8]:
season = "Summer"
elif month in [9, 10, 11]:
season = "Autumn"
else:
season = "Invalid month"

print(season)

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 End

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