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Chapter 1

The document provides an introduction to systems analysis and design, covering key concepts such as information technology, information systems, and the role of system analysts. It outlines the components of information systems, various types of business information systems, and different methods of systems development, including structured, object-oriented, and agile analysis. Additionally, it describes the system development life cycle (SDLC) and its phases, emphasizing the importance of understanding business operations for successful system design.

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11 views21 pages

Chapter 1

The document provides an introduction to systems analysis and design, covering key concepts such as information technology, information systems, and the role of system analysts. It outlines the components of information systems, various types of business information systems, and different methods of systems development, including structured, object-oriented, and agile analysis. Additionally, it describes the system development life cycle (SDLC) and its phases, emphasizing the importance of understanding business operations for successful system design.

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nkjgztct6p
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter I

Introduction to Systems Analysis and


Design
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design
1.1 Information Technology
1.2 Information Systems
1.3 Modeling Business Operations
1.4 Business Information Systems
1.5 Organizational Information Models
1.6 Systems Development and System Analyst
1.1 Information Technology

►Information technology (IT): refers to the combination of hardware,


software, and services that people use to manage, communicate, and
share information
1.2 INFORMATION SYSTEMS
A system :is a set of related components that produces specific
results.

:Information system has five key components


1.2 Information Systems

Information system components:


1. Hardware :consists of everything in the physical layer of the information system.

2. Software : refers to the programs that control the hardware and produce results.
Software consists of:
A. system software.
B. application software.

3. Data :is the raw material that an information system transforms into useful information.

4. Processes :describe the tasks and business functions that users, managers, and IT staff
members perform to achieve specific results.

5. People who have an interest in an information system are called stakeholders.


⮚ system analysis and design: is a step-by-step process for
developing high-quality information systems.

⮚ System analyst: is a valued member of the IT department team


who helps plan, develop, and maintain information systems.
-excellent communicator
-has strong analytical and critical thinking skills

⮚ To design successful systems, analysts must understand a company's


business operations.
Modeling Business Operations 1.3

Systems analysts use modeling to represent company operations and


information needs.

Modeling produces a graphical representation of a concept or process that


systems developers can analyze, test, and modify.

A business profile :is an overview of a company's mission, functions,


organization, products, services, customers, suppliers, competitors,
constraints, and future direction.

A business model : describes the information that a system must provide.


1.3 Modeling Business Operations

The sales order example in Figure shows a simple model


that includes an event, three processes, and a result.
1.4 Business Information Systems

► 1.4.1 Enterprise Computing system.


► 1.4.2 Transaction Processing system.
► 1.4.3 Business Support system.
► 1.4.4 Knowledge Management system.
► I .4.5 User Productivity system.
► 1.4.6 Digital Assistants
► 1.4.7 Systems Integration
Business Information Systems 1.4
1.4.1 Enterprise computing system: refers to information systems that
support company-wide operations and data management requirements
e.g., customer relationship management, and supply chain management

1.4.2Transaction processing system(TP): systems process data


generated by day-to-day business operations.
e.g., customer order processing, and warranty claim processing.

1.4.3 Business Support system: systems that provide information


support to users at all levels of a company.
e.g., software solutions, and technical support
Business Information Systems 1.4
1.4.4 Knowledge Management system: use a large data base called a knowledge base
that allow users to find information by entering keywords or questions in normal
English phrases.
e.g., Canva, and khan academy

I .4.5 User Productivity system: Companies provide employees at all levels with
technology that improves productivity.

1.4.6 Digital Assistants: Rapid advance in natural language processing have made a
new type of business information system possible: the personal digital assistance.

1.4.7 Systems Integration: Most large companies require systems that combine
transaction processing, business support, knowledge management, and user
productivity features.
Functions and Organizational Levels:
A typical organizational model identifies business
functions and organizational levels.

To increase productivity, many companies reduced the


number of management levels.
1.5.1 Top Managers: develop long-range plans, called strategic plan, which define
the company's overall mission and goals.

1.5.2 Middle Managers and Knowledge Workers: provide direction, necessary


resources, and performance feedback to supervisors and team leaders.

1.5.3 Supervisors or Team Leaders: oversee operational employees and carry out
day-to-day functions.

1.5.4 Operational Employees: users who rely on transaction processing systems to


enter and receive data they need to perform their jobs.
Systems Development and System Analyst 1.6

Many options exist for developing information systems, but the


most popular are:
1. structured analysis.
2.object-oriented (o-o) analysis.
3.agile methods.
Table: comparison between structured, object-oriented and Agile analysis
Method Structured Analyses Object Oriented analyses Agile
Definition A method that allows the A method that views the system A method that focuses on
analyst to understand the in terms of objects that teamwork
system and all of its activities combine data and processes
in a logical way

Description -Focus on processes -Focus on objects -Breaks development into


-Top-down approach -Bottom-up approach cycles, or iterations
-Uses System Development -Uses waterfall or Iterative - Each cycle is designed, built,
Life Cycle (SDLC) methodology and tested in ongoing cycle

Advantages -Well-suited for small to -Suitable for large projects with -Flexible in dealing with change
medium-sized systems changing user requirements -Constant validation
-Clear and easy to understand -Low risk and high reusability -Low risk
-More scalable
-Easier to manage and maintain
over time

Disadvantages -High risk and low reusability -Difficult to understand and -Lack of structure and
-Limited scalability implement documentation
-Interactions of objects and - Team members must have
classes can be difficult high communication skills
Different system analyses methods

Structured analyses Object oriented analyses Agile


I. 6. I Structured Analysis

Structured analysis: is a traditional (old) systems development


technique that is time tested and easy to understand.

Structured analysis uses a series of phases, called system


development life cycle (SDLC).

The model, which represents a school registration system, is a called


a data flow diagram (DFD) because it uses various symbols and shapes
to represent data flow, processing, and storage.
The SDLC model usually includes five steps:

1. systems planning
2. systems analysis
3. systems design
4. systems implementation
5. systems support and security
Steps of performing the SDLC model
• SYSTEMS PLANNING: usually begins with a formal request to the IT department,
called a systems request, which describes problems or desired changes in an
information system or a business process.

• SYSTEMS ANALYSIS: The purpose of the systems analysis phase is to build a logical
model of the new system.

• SYSTEMS DESIGN: The purpose of the systems design phase is to create a physical
model that will satisfy all documented requirements for the system

• SYSTEMS IMPLEMENTATION: During the systems implementation phase, the new


system is constructed.

• SYSTEMS SUPPORT AND SECURITY: During the systems support and security phase,
the IT staff maintains, enhances, and protects the system.
Example of structured analyses
Restaurant management
Example of object oriented analyses
Restaurant management

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