CLASSROOM POLICY

 GC (group chat)
 Schedule time (15minutes after ng klase
consider late)
 All
course requirements like quizzes, output,
attendance and major exams must be
complied
 Wearing of students uniform/ dress code
 Usingof cellphone during the class is strictly
prohibited
CHAPTER 5
LOGIC
LOGIC
 Is the study of the methods and principles of reasoning.
 May simply refer to valid reasoning in everyday life, it is also one of the
oldest and most foundational branches of mathematics.
 Is a systematic way of thinking that involves reasoning and drawing
conclusions based on evidence or facts.
 LOGIC STATEMENTS AND
QUALIFIERS
One of the first mathematician to make a serious study of symbolic logic
was Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646- 1716). He tried to advance the study
of logic from a merely philosophical subject to a formal mathematical subject.
Leibniz never completely achieved this goal; however, several Mathematicians,
such as Augustus De Morgan (1806- 1871) and George Boole (1815-1864),
contributed to the advancement of symbolic logic as a mathematical discipline.
Boole published The Mathematical Analysis of Logic in 1848. In 1854 he
published the more extensive work, An Investigation of the Laws of Thought.
Concerning this document, the mathematician Bertrand Russell stated, “Pure
mathematics was discovered by Boole in a work which is called The Laws of
Thought.”
GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNIZ
(1646-1716)

• He was born on July 1, 1646 and

died on November 14, 1716.
• He as a German polymath active as
a mathematician, philosopher,
scientist and diplomat who is
credited, alongside Sir Isaac
Newton, with the creation of
calculus in addition to many other
branches of mathematics , such as
binary arithmetic and statistics .
Augustus De Morgan
(1806- 1871)
• He was born on June 7, 1806
and died on March 18, 1871.
• He was best known for De
Morgan’s laws, relating logical
conjunction, disjunction and
negation and for coining the
term “ mathematical induction”
, the underlying principles of
which he formulized.
George Boole( 1815-
1864)
Was born in 1815 in Lincoln, England.
He was raised in poverty, but he was
very industrious and had learned
Latin and Greek by the age of 12.
Later he mastered German, French,
and Italian. His first profession, at the
young age of 16, was that of an
assistant school teacher.
CHARLES DODGSON

 he was born on January 27,

1832 and died on January
14, 1898.
 Better known by his pen
name Lewis Carroll, was an
English author, poet,
mathematician,
photographer and reluctant
Angelican deacon.
STATEMENT

 Is a declarative sentence that is either

true or false, but not both true and
false.
 Is something that you say or write which
gives information in a formal or definite
way.
Logical statements have two parts :

1. Hypothesisthat presents facts that the

statement needs to be true, and a
2. Conclusionsthat presents a new fact we
can infer when hypothesis is true.
SIMPLE STATEMENTS & COMPOUND
STATEMENTS

SIMPLE STATEMENT
 is a statement that conveys a single idea.

COMPOUND STATEMENT
 is a statement conveys two or more ideas.
 Connecting simple statements with words and
phrases such as and, or,
if….then and if and only creates a compound
statement. For instance, “I will attend the meeting
or I will go to school.” is a compound statement. It is
composed of two or more simple statements, “I will
attend the meeting.” and “I will go to school.” the
word or is connective for the two simple
statements.
George Boole used symbol such as p, q, r and s to
represent simple statements and the symbols
, , ,
,

(and) (or) (not) (if/then)

(if and only if)
To represent connections. Please see table 5.1
 TABLE 5.1
Logic Connectives and Symbols
STATEMENT CONNECTIVE SYMBOLIC FORM TYPE OF
STATEMENT
not p not p negation

p and q and p q conjunction

p or q or p q disjunction

if p, then q If/ then p q conditional

p if and only if q If and only if p q biconditional

 Write Compound Statements in Symbolic Form

Consider the following simple statements.

p: Today is Friday.
q: It is raining.
r: I am going to a movie.
s: I am not going to the basketball game.
Write the following compound statement in symbolic form.
a. Today is Friday and it is raining.
b. It is not raining and I am going to a movie.
c. I am going to the basketball game or I am going to a movie.
d. If it is raining, then I am not going to the basketball game.
Solutions:
LET US
PRAY!
CHECKING OF
ATTENDANCE
 REVIEW ON
PREVIOUS
DISCUSSION
Previous lesson :
 The definition of Logic
 Mathematicians who impart their knowledge
in improving the Logic.
 Branches of Mathematics
 Two parts of statement
 Two parts of Logical Statement
 Logical Symbols and Connectives
 COMPOUND STATEMENT AND
GROUPING SYMBOLS
If a compound statement is written in symbolic form, then
parentheses are used to indicate which simple statements are group
together. Table 5.2 illustrates the use of parentheses to indicate groupings
for some statements in symbolic form.
TABLE 5.2
SYMBOLIC FORM THE PARENTHESES INDICATES THAT:

p (q r) q and r are group together

(p q) r p and q are group together

(p q) (r s) p and q are group together.

r and s are also group together.
 If a compound statement is written as an English sentence, then a comma is
used to indicate which simple statement are grouped together. Statement on the same
side of a comma are grouped together. See Table 5.3

ENGLISH SENTENCE THE COMMA INDICATES THAT:

p, and q or not r. q and r and grouped together because the are

both
on the same side of the comma.

p and q, or r. p and q are grouped together because they are both

on the same side of the comma.

If p and not q, then r or s. p and q are grouped together because they are
both to the left of the comma.
r and s are grouped together because they are both to
the right of the comma.
FAMILIARIZING!

SYMBOLIC FORM TRANSLATE IN A LOGICAL CONNECTIVES

p (q r) ?

(p q) r ?

(p q) (r ?
s)
 Translate Compound Statement

Let p, q, and r represent the following.

p: You get a promotion.
q: You complete the training.
r: You will receive a bonus.

a. Write (p q) r as an English sentence.

b. Write “ If you do not complete the training , then you will
not get a promotion and you will not receive a bonus. “
 Solution:

a. Because the p and the q statements both appear in parentheses

in the symbolic form , they are placed to the left of the comma in
the English sentence.
( p q ) r

If you get a you will

promotion you completeand receive
the training a bonus
,then
b. Because the not p and the not r statements are both to the right of
the comma in the English sentence, they are grouped together in
parentheses in the symbolic form.
you do not you will you will
complete not get a not
If the promotion , then receive a
and
training bonus

q ( p r
)
 Let’s check your progress!

Let p, q, r, and s
p: My child finished their homework.
q: My child cleaned her room.
r: My child played video games.
s: My child stream a movie.

Symbolic Statement
a. p( q)
b. ( p q) ( r s)
c. ( r s) ( p q)
ASSIGNMENT:
Directions: In a ½ sheet of paper answer the following question below, translating
compound statement.

Let p, q and r represent the following:

p: Kesha’s singing style is similar to Uffie.
q: Kesha has messy hair.
r: Kesha is a rapper.

Questions:
a. Write (p q) r as an English sentence.
b. Write “ If Kesha is not a rapper, then Kesha does not have messy hair and Kesha’s
singing style is not similar to Uffie’s,” in symbolic form.
 Truth Value

TRUTH VALUE
 of a simple statement is either true or false
Truth value of a compound statement depends on the truth
values of its simple statements and its connectives.
Here are some examples of logical statements ,
along with truth values (true/ false)
STATEMENTS TRUTH VALUE

1. All cats are mammals. 1. True

2. If it is raining, then ground is 2. True
wet. 3. True
3. The sun rises in the east and 4. False ( Manila)
sets in the west . 5. True
4. The capital of the Philippines 6. False( paradox if it lying- not
is Romblon. telling the truth or lying- on
5. Zero times any real number her bed)
is zero 7. True
6. I am lying right now. 8. False (question are not
7. The diagonals of a rectangle logical statements)
have the same length. 9. False (star)
8. How are you? 10.False (statements with
9. The sun is a planet. variables that are not
10.x+5 = 10 defined)
Let’s check your knowledge!!!

Give some example of a logical

statement, identify it whether it a true
statement or false statement.