 Module Name : Computer Networks

 Course Code: ITec4102

 Course Title: Wireless Networking and Telecom
Technologies
 Pre-requisites: Data Communication and Computer
Networks
 Year/Semester: Year: IV, Semester: II
 Instructor : Bereket D.(MSc)
 Email: [email protected]
 Course Objective

By the end of this course, students will be able to:

➢ Understand the concepts and principles of data
communications and computer networks
➢ Understand data transmission and transmission media
➢ Understand Protocols and various networking components
➢ Understand TCP/IP & OSI Reference Model
➢ Understand LAN and WAN technologies
➢ Understand and implement IP addressing.
➢ Build small to medium level Computer networks
➢ Understand subnets
 Chapter One

Introduction
to
Wireless Communication Systems
 Chapter 1

Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems

 1.1. Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications

 1.2. The Telecom Industry: past, present and emerging trends

 1.3. Mobile radio system around the world

 1.4. Wireless and Communication systems

Introduction to Wireless Communication
System
 refer to technologies that allow the
transmission of data, voice, and multimedia
signals without the need of physical
connections like cables or wires.
 Cellular Concept
 The term "cellular" in telecommunications
refers to a wireless communication system
that divides a geographic area into small
regions called cells.
 In which each served by a cell tower or base
station.
 This cell-based structure allows for efficient
use of frequencies, enabling multiple users to
communicate simultaneously without
interference.
Early Beginnings (Pre-1920s–1940s)
How it Started?
 The origins of mobile communication can be
traced to wireless telegraphy and military
radio systems.
 The first experiments in radio communication
were conducted by Guglielmo Marconi in the
late 19th century, leading to the development
of long-distance radio transmission.
 Why it Started?
 Military and maritime industries needed
wireless communication.
 Police and emergency services required
mobile radio systems for public safety
operations.
 The need for immediate communication in
various fields encouraged further research.
Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications
Early Stage (Pre-Cellular Era - Before 1970s)
Two-Way Radio (1930s-1940s)
 The first mobile communication systems were two-way
radios used by police and military.
Example: World War II military communication systems.
 Mobile Telephony (1946-1960s)
 The first public mobile telephone service was introduced
by Bell Labs in 1946, using analog technology.
However, it had limited capacity, allowing only a few
users at a time.
 1G - First Generation (1980s)
 The Birth of Mobile Communication
Key Features:
 Technology: Analog Cellular Networks
 Access Method: Frequency Division Multiple
Access (FDMA)
 Data Speed: ~2.4 kbps
 Primary Use: Voice Calls Only
 Limitations: Poor voice quality, weak security,
high power consumption
 How 1G Worked…?

 Used analog signals to transmit voice, meaning

each conversation was carried as a
continuous wave.
 Large radio towers provided coverage, but
handover b/n cells was inefficient, causing
dropped calls when moving between areas.
 No encryption, leads calls vulnerable to
eavesdropping.
 AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) – 1983
 Developed by Bell Labs and launched in the U.S.
 Became the first widely used mobile network.
 Phones were large, bulky, and expensive (e.g.,
Motorola DynaTAC 8000X, the first commercially
available mobile phone, weighed over 1 kg).
 Coverage was limited, and call dropping was common.
 Why 1G Became Outdated…?

 Poor security (calls could be intercepted with radio

scanners).
 Analog signals suffered from interference and poor
call quality.
 No support for SMS or data services—only voice
calls.
 Solution: The 2G digital revolution improved
security and efficiency
 2G - Second Generation (1990s)
Digital Communication & SMS
Key Features:
 Technology: Digital Cellular Networks
 Access Methods: GSM (Global System for Mobile
Communications) & CDMA (Code Division
Multiple Access)
 Data Speed: 56-114 kbps
 New Features: SMS (Text Messaging), Better Call
Quality, and International Roaming
 Limitations: Slow internet, poor multimedia support
 How 2G Worked…?
 Switched from analog to digital transmission,
improving voice clarity and enabling encryption for
secure calls.
 Introduced GSM (Global System for Mobile
Communications), which became the worldwide
standard.
 Allowed Short Message Service (SMS), making
texting a global phenomenon.
 Improved spectrum efficiency, meaning more users
could connect at once compared to 1G.
 📱 Nokia 3310: A Mobile Icon
Nokia 3310 (Early 2000s) – The 2G Icon
 One of the best-selling phones of all time (126 million units
sold).
 Offered SMS, simple games (Snake), and a long-lasting
battery.
 GSM networks made international roaming possible,
allowing people to use their phones globally.
 Why Was It So Popular?
11️⃣ Durability & Build Quality
2️⃣ Long Battery Life 🔋
3️⃣ Simple & Easy to Use 🏆
4️⃣ Affordable &
Accessible 💰
5️⃣ Classic Features &
Games 🎮
Nokia’s Impact on the Mobile Industry
🔹 Market Leader (1990s - Early 2000s): Nokia
dominated
🔹Innovation in Mobile Technology: Introduced
text messaging (SMS)
🔹 Strong Global Presence: Nokia phones were
sold in over 150 countries, making mobile
technology accessible worldwide.
 📉 What Happened to Nokia?
1️⃣ Missed the Smartphone
Era – Nokia underestimated the rise of
touchscreen smartphones, while Apple and
Samsung.
2️⃣ Failure of Windows
Phone – Instead of adopting Android.
3️⃣ Decline in Market Share
– By the mid-2010s, Nokia lost its dominance to
Apple, Samsung, and Chinese brands like
Huawei.
 Why 2G Became Outdated..?
 Slow data speeds (basic internet browsing was
possible but very limited).
 No support for video or multimedia.
Solution: 3G introduced mobile broadband and
multimedia services.
 3G - Third Generation (2000s)

 Internet & Multimedia Revolution

Key Features:
 Technology: Packet-Switched Data Networks
 Access Methods: WCDMA (Wideband CDMA), HSPA (High-
Speed Packet Access)
 Data Speed: Up to 2 Mbps (100x faster than 2G)
 New Features: Video Calling, Mobile Internet, Multimedia
Applications
Limitations: Expensive data plans, high battery consumption
 Additional Feature 3G

✅ Faster Data Speeds – Up to 2 Mbps (compared to 2G’s)

✅ Mobile Internet – Allowed web browsing, email, and
social media on phones.
✅ Video Calling – Enabled real-time face-to-face
communication.
✅ Better Voice Quality – Less static and dropped calls
compared to 2G.
✅ Mobile Apps & Multimedia – Supported apps, music
streaming, and video playback.
 How 3G Worked…?
 3G networks used WCDMA (Wideband Code
Division Multiple Access) and later HSPA (High-
Speed Packet Access) to deliver faster and more
reliable mobile internet.
 Before 3G, loading a webpage on 2G would
difficult.
 With 3G, users could browse websites,
download files, and watch YouTube videos
much faster.
 A 3G Revolution

The Apple iPhone (2007)

 One of the most famous devices of 3G
networks was the Apple iPhone (2007).
🔹 Before 3G (Early 2000s)
 Phones were mainly for calling, texting,
and basic internet (slow browsing).
 No real smartphone experience.
 Cont.…
🔹 After 3G (2007 & Beyond):
 The iPhone introduced app-based internet
browsing, music streaming and full email
access over 3G.
 Google Maps, Facebook, and YouTube
became mobile-friendly.
 Smartphones replaced basic feature phones as
pocket-sized computers.
 Why 3G Became Outdated…?

1
1️⃣ Slow speeds for modern apps
(compared to 4G).
2️⃣ High latency (delay in data
transmission).
Solution: 4G LTE introduced seamless mobile
broadband for high-speed streaming and
gaming.
 4G - Fourth Generation (2010s)
High-Speed Mobile Broadband
Key Features of 4G
✅ High-Speed Internet – Speeds up to 100 Mbps (mobile) and 1 Gbps (fixed
broadband), much faster than 3G (~2 Mbps).
✅ Low Latency – Reduced delay in data transmission, improving video calls,
gaming, and real-time applications.
✅ IP-Based Network – Uses Internet Protocol (IP) for both voice (VoLTE) and
data, making calls clearer.
✅ Better Spectrum Efficiency – Handles more users at once without congestion.
✅ Supports Streaming & Cloud Services – Enables YouTube, and cloud gaming
on mobile.
 Real-Life Examples of 4G Impact

📺 Netflix & YouTube Streaming

 Before 4G (3G Era) – Frequent buffering, low-
quality video (240p/360p).
 After 4G – Seamless HD & 4K streaming,
mobile binge-watching became popular.
📞 VoLTE (Voice over LTE) – High-Quality Calls
 Older 3G networks had low-quality voice
calls.
 VoLTE offers clearer HD calls, better
connectivity, and video calls.
 Cont.…
🎮 Online Gaming & Low-Latency Apps
 4G made mobile gaming
 Lower ping times improved real-time
applications like Zoom, Teams, Google Meet.
📡 4G Home Broadband in Rural Areas
Areas without fiber broadband started using 4G
LTE routers for high-speed internet.
 4G Variants & Evolution

📶 LTE (Standard 4G) – Up to 100 Mbps

download speed.
📶 LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) – Up to 1 Gbps,
improved speed & coverage.
📶 LTE-Advanced Pro – Bridge between 4G and
5G, better efficiency.
 4G transformed smartphones into powerful
mobile computers, making streaming,
gaming, and cloud computing a reality.
5G – Fifth Generation (2020s–Present) Smart Networks

📌 Key Features
 Ultra-fast speeds (up to 10 Gbps), with near-
zero latency.
 Supports IoT , AI, Smart Cities, and AR/VR).
 Massive MIMO antennas for better coverage.
 Enables autonomous vehicles, smart
factories, and remote surgeries.
 📌 Example

 Self-driving cars use 5G and AI for real-time

navigation
 Star link (by SpaceX) uses satellite-
based 5G internet for remote areas.
 8K video streaming, smart homes, and
industrial automation are now possible.

🚀 Impact: 5G is creating a hyper-connected

world with real-time, AI-powered automation.
 🔎 Key Takeaways

✅ Pre-Cellular Era (1920s–1970s) – Mobile radio used for military and police

✅ 1G (1980s) – Analog voice calls, large phones, poor security.

✅ 2G (1990s) – Digital networks, SMS, mobile internet (WAP).

✅ 3G (2000s) – Mobile broadband, video calling, GPS, social media.

✅ 4G (2010s) – LTE, VoLTE, HD streaming, cloud gaming, smart apps.

✅ 5G (2020s–Present) – Ultra-fast speeds, IoT, AI, autonomous cars, AR/VR.

✅ 6G (Future – 2030s) –AI-driven automation, and quantum computing.

📌 Key Phases in the Evolution of Mobile Radio
Communications
Era Technology Key Features Examples

Pre-Cellular Era (1920s– Mobile Radio (AM & First wireless Walkie-talkies, AM
1970s) FM) communication for radio systems
police and military

1G – First Generation Basic voice calls, low Motorola DynaTAC

(1980s) Analog Cellular security, poor call (Brick Phone)
quality

2G – Second Generation Digital Cellular SMS, better call quality,

(1990s) (GSM/CDMA) mobile internet (WAP) Nokia 3310, BlackBerry

3G – Third Generation Mobile Broadband Faster internet, video iPhone 3G, BlackBerry
(2000s) (UMTS, HSPA) calling, GPS, social Messenger
media

4G – Fourth Generation LTE (Long-Term HD streaming, VoLTE,

(2010s) Evolution) online gaming, smart Netflix, Instagram
devices
5G – Fifth Generation mmWave, Massive Ultra-low latency, IoT, Autonomous cars, 8K
(2020s-Present) MIMO AI, AR/VR, smart cities streaming

AI-driven, Quantum Holographic calls, ultra- Prototypes under

6G (Future - 2030s) Communication high speed, advanced research
automation
 The Telecom Industry
What is the Telecom Industry?
 The telecom (telecommunications) industry refers to
the sector that provides communication services
through voice, data, and video transmission over
various technologies, including wired and wireless
networks.
 It enables global connectivity via telephones, mobile
devices, internet services, and satellite
communications.
 Cont.…
 The telecom industry has played a crucial role in
connecting people and businesses worldwide.
 Over the years, it has evolved from basic telephony
to advanced 5G, AI-driven networks, and IoT
(Internet of Things).
The Past Days of Telecommunications
 Telecommunications started as a simple system of
wired communication and has evolved through
multiple technological breakthroughs.
 The Birth of Telephony

(19th Century - Early 20th Century)

 Alexander Graham Bell invented the
telephone, allowing voice transmission over
wires.
 Early telephone networks used manual
switchboards, where operators connected
calls by physically plugging wires into jacks.
 The Growth of Telephony & Wireless
Communication
(Mid-20th Century)
 Telecom networks expanded globally,
connecting more cities and countries through
undersea cables.
 The introduction of analog mobile networks
(1G) in the 1980s allowed wireless
communication for the first time.
 The Digital Revolution (1990s - 2000s)
 The shift from analog to digital networks (2G) in the
1990s enabled SMS (Short Messaging Service) and
better call quality.
 The launch of 3G networks (2000s) introduced
mobile internet and multimedia messaging.
 Voice over IP (VoIP) services like Skype
disrupted traditional telephone carriers by
offering cheap internet-based calling.
 The Present
Digital Transformation (2000s–2020s)
Telecom has transitioned from voice-
based communication to data-driven
networks.
Enabling high-speed internet, mobile
apps, video streaming, and IoT devices.
 a) The Rise of Internet and Broadband
(2000s–2010s)
 The rise of cable broadband, and fiber-optic
networks allowed faster internet speeds.
 VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) services
like Skype replaced traditional phone calls.
 The decline of landlines as more users
switched to mobile and internet-based
communication.
b) 3G and 4G Revolution: The Smartphone Era

 3G Networks (2000s): Allowed video calling,

mobile internet browsing, and early social
media apps (Facebook, Twitter).
 4G LTE (2010s): Brought high-speed internet,
HD video streaming, and app-based
ecosystems (Netflix, Instagram).
 The launch of the iPhone and Android
smartphones transformed telecom, mobile
internet an essential part of daily life.
 c) Cloud Computing and AI Integration
 Telecom providers began using cloud
computing for scalable and flexible
infrastructure.
 AI-driven chatbots and virtual assistants (e.g.,
Google Assistant, Siri) improved customer
service.
 d) Fiber Optic Networks and 5G Rollout
(2020s-Present)
 Fiber-optic technology replaced and offering
speeds up to 1 Gbps or more.
 5G networks started rolling out, promising
ultra-low latency, high-speed data, and
massive IoT connectivity.

📌 Example: South Korea and China are leading

in 5G adoption, with applications in smart cities,
remote healthcare, and autonomous vehicles.
 Emerging Trends: The Future of Telecom
(2025 and Beyond)

 The next phase of telecom will see AI-powered

networks, 6G technology, and next-generation
connectivity.
a) 5G Expansion and 6G Development
 5G will enable smart cities, IoT, and real-time
applications like autonomous vehicles.
 6G (expected by 2030) will offer terabit-per-second
speeds, near-zero latency, and quantum
communication.
📌 Example: Samsung and Huawei are already working
on 6G prototypes with AI-driven network optimization.
 b) Internet of Things (IoT) and Edge Computing

 IoT devices (smart homes, industrial

automation, connected cars) will rely on
telecom networks.
 Edge computing will reduce latency by
processing data closer to users instead of
centralized cloud servers.
Example: self-driving technology relies on 5G
and edge computing to process real-time data.
 c) AI and Automation in Telecom
 AI will automate network management,
predict outages, and enhance cybersecurity.
 Chatbots and AI-powered assistants will
replace traditional customer support.

📌 Example: AI-driven analytics to optimize

network performance.
 Conclusion: The Future of Telecom
 The telecom industry has come a long way
from wired communication to AI-driven 5G
networks.
 In the coming years, 6G, quantum computing,
and IoT expansion will shape a hyper-
connected world.
 Key Takeaways
✅ Past: Landline telephones, 1G mobile networks,
and voice communication.
✅ Present: 4G, 5G, fiber optics, smartphones, and
cloud-based networks.
✅ Future: 6G, AI-driven networks, blockchain
security, and sustainable telecom solutions.
🚀 The telecom industry will continue to evolve
rapidly, making faster, more reliable, and
intelligent communication systems essential for
businesses and individuals worldwide.
 How to Differentiate Each (1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G)?
Generation Year Technology Speed Key Features Example

1G (First Analog Only voice calls, Early mobile

Generation) 1980s Cellular 2.4 Kbps poor quality, no phones like
data services Motorola

2G (Second Digital Cellular 50 Kbps – 100 SMS, better call

Nokia 3310, SMS
Generation) 1990s (GSM/CDMA) Kbps
quality, basic
internet (WAP) services

Mobile internet, iPhones,

3G (Third HSPA (Packet 200 Kbps – video calls,
Generation) 2000s Switching) 2 Mbps social media,
Facebook on
mobile
GPS

HD video Netflix on
4G (Fourth LTE (Long-Term 100 Mbps – 1 streaming,
Generation) 2010s Evolution) Gbps online gaming,
mobile, You tube
Instagram
VoLTE

Ultra-low Autonomous
5G (Fifth 1 Gbps – 10 latency, IoT, cars, smart
Generation) 2020s Massive MIMO
Gbps
smart cities, cities, 8K video
AR/VR, AI-driven streaming
networks
 Wireless and Communication Systems
What is Wireless and Communication
Systems?
Types of Wireless Communication Systems?
Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN)
Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN)