WEB TECHNOLOGIES

By

K.Ramesh
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering
Aditya University
Surampalem
 UNIT - 5

PHP & NO SQL DATABASE

 INTRODUCTION
• PHP stands for "Hypertext Preprocessor"

• A server-side scripting language used for web development

• Open-source and easy to learn

• Embedded within HTML to create dynamic web pages.

Why Use PHP?

• Free & Open-Source

• Supports Multiple Databases (MySQL, PostgreSQL, etc.)

• Cross-Platform Compatibility

• Large Community Support

Example: <?php
echo "Hello, World!";
?>
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 Creating and Running PHP Script
Steps to Create a PHP Script
1. Open a text editor (VS Code, Notepad++, Sublime Text).
2. Save the file with a .php extension (e.g., index.php).
3. Write PHP code inside <?php ... ?> tags.
Example: <?php
echo "Hello, World!";
?>

Running a PHP Script

1. Install a local server (XAMPP, WAMP, or MAMP).
2. Place the PHP file in the htdocs (XAMPP) or www (WAMP) folder.
3. Start Apache Server from the control panel.
4. Open a browser and enter: http://localhost/index.php

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 Variables
• Variables store data and can be used multiple times in a script. Example:
• In PHP, a variable starts with a $ sign.
Rules for PHP Variables
• Must start with a letter or underscore (_).
• Cannot start with a number.
• Case-sensitive ($name and $Name are different).
• No special characters allowed (except _).
PHP Variable Types
1. String – "Hello, PHP!"
2. Integer – 100
3. Float – 3.14
4. Boolean – true / false
5. Array – ["Apple", "Banana", "Mango"]
6. Object – Custom data structures
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 CONSTANTS
• A constant is a variable whose value cannot be changed once it is defined. In PHP, constants are defined
using the define() function or the const keyword.
Syntax for Defining Constants
• Using define() : define("SITE_NAME", "MyWebsite");
• Using const : const MAX_USERS = 100;
Example
<?php
define("PRODUCT", "Laptop");
define("PRICE", 49999.99);
const COMPANY = "Dell";
echo "Product: " . PRODUCT . "<br>";
echo "Company: " . COMPANY . "<br>";
echo "Price: $" . PRICE . "<br>";
// PRODUCT = "Tablet"; // ❌ This will cause an error
?>
Key Points
• Constants do not start with a $ symbol.
• They are global and can be accessed anywhere.
• Their values cannot be changed after definition.
• Use uppercase names for readability (e.g., PRODUCT, COMPANY).

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 DATA TYPES
• PHP is a loosely typed language, meaning variables do not need
to be declared with a specific data type; PHP automatically
determines the type based on the assigned value."

PHP Data Types

1. Scalar Types:
Integer: Whole numbers → $quantity = 10;
Float: Decimal numbers → $price = 99.99;
String: Text values → $product = "Laptop";
Boolean: True/False → $available = true;

2. Special Types:
Array: Collection of values → ["Red", "Green", "Blue"]
Object: Instance of a class
Callable: Function as a variable
Iterable: Loops through items

3. Compound Types:
Resource: External connections like files, databases
Null: Represents a variable with no value
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 OPERATORS
• Operators in PHP are used to perform operations on variables and values.
1. Arithmetic Operators (Perform mathematical operations) +, -, 5. Increment/Decrement Operators
*, /, % ++, --
$x = 10;
$x = 5;
$y = 3;
echo ++$x; // Output: 6
echo $x + $y; // Output: 13
6. String Operator (Concatenation)
2. Assignment Operators (Assign values)
$txt1 = "Hello";
=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, .=
$txt2 = " World";
$x = 5;
echo $txt1 . $txt2; // Output: Hello World
$x += 3; // Equivalent to $x = $x + 3
7. Array Operators (Compare arrays)
echo $x; // Output: 8
+, ==, ===, !=, <>
3. Comparison Operators (Compare values)
$a = [1, 2, 3];
==, ===, !=, <>, !==, >, <, >=, <=
$b = [4, 5, 6];
$x = 5;
$c = $a + $b; // Union of arrays
$y = "5";
print_r($c);
echo ($x == $y); // Output: 1 (true)
8. Ternary Operator (Short if-else)
4. Logical Operators (Used for conditions)
condition ? true_value : false_value;
&&, ||, !, and, or, xor
$age = 20;
$x = true;
echo ($age >= 18) ? "Adult" : "Minor"; // Output: Adult
$y = false;
echo ($x && $y); // Output: (false)

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 Controlling Program Flow

What is Controlling Program Flow?

• Determines how a program executes based on conditions and loops.

• Helps manage decision-making, repetitions, and function executions.

Main Concepts:

• Conditional Statements – Execute code based on conditions (if, else, switch).

• Loop Statements – Repeat actions multiple times (for, while, do-while, foreach).
• Arrays – Store and manipulate collections of data (indexed, associative,
multidimensional).
• Functions – Reusable blocks of code for modular programming (user-defined, built-in).

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 Conditional Statements
• Conditional statements control decision-making in a program.
🔹 if Statement
$age = 18; 🔹 switch Statement
if ($age >= 18) {
$day = "Monday";
echo "Eligible to vote"; switch ($day) {
} case "Monday":
echo "Start of the week";
🔹 if-else Statement break;
case "Friday":
$marks = 50;
echo "Weekend is near!";
if ($marks >= 40) { break;
default:
echo "Pass";
echo "Regular day";
} else { }
echo "Fail";
}

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 Loop Statements
• Loops in PHP are used to execute a block of code multiple times until a specified condition is met. They
help automate repetitive tasks and reduce redundancy in code.

Types of Loops in PHP:

• for Loop – Runs a block of code a fixed number of times.
• while Loop – Executes code while a condition remains true.
• do-while Loop – Executes the code at least once before checking the condition.
• foreach Loop – Specifically used to iterate over arrays.
🔹 for Loop (Fixed iterations) 🔹 do-while Loop (Executes at least once)
for ($i = 1; $i <= 5; $i++) { $y = 5;
echo $i . " "; do {
} echo $y . " ";
🔹 while Loop (Runs while the condition is $y--;
true) } while ($y > 2);
$x = 1;
while ($x <= 3) { 🔹 foreach Loop (Iterates over an array)
echo $x . " "; $colors = ["Red", "Green",
$x++; "Blue"];
} foreach ($colors as $color) {
echo $color . " ";
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 ARRAYS
• An array in PHP is a data structure that stores multiple
values in a single variable. It allows efficient data
organization and manipulation.
Types of Arrays in PHP:
• Indexed Array – Uses numeric indices (e.g., $fruits =
["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry"];).
• Associative Array – Uses named keys instead of numbers
(e.g., $student = ["name" => "John", "age" =>
20];).
• Multidimensional Array – Contains nested arrays for
complex data structures.
(e.g., $matrix = [[1, 2, 3],[4, 5, 6]]; Fig : Arrays in PHP
echo $matrix[1][2]; // Output: 6)
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 FUNCTIONS
• A function in PHP is a reusable block of code that performs a specific task. It helps in reducing redundancy
and improving code organization.
Types of Functions in PHP:
• Built-in Functions – Predefined functions like strlen(), array_push(), date(), etc.
• User-defined Functions – Custom functions created by the programmer using the function keyword.
• Recursive Functions – Functions that call themselves to solve complex problems (e.g., calculating factorial).
1. Built-in Function (Predefined in PHP)
3. Recursive Function (A function calling
$text = "Hello, PHP!"; itself)
echo strlen($text); // Output: 12 (Counts the number of characters)
function factorial($n) {
if ($n == 0) {
2. User-defined Function (Created by the programmer) return 1;
function greet($name) { }
return $n * factorial($n - 1);
return "Hello, $name!";
}
} echo factorial(5); // Output: 120
echo greet("John"); // Output: Hello, John!

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 Client-Server Scripting
• The Client-Server Model is a communication system where a client (browser) requests resources, and a
server processes and responds. It enables dynamic web applications and real-time data processing.
• Powers dynamic web apps (e.g., login systems, e-commerce).
• Ensures security by processing sensitive data on the server.
• Improves performance by reducing client-side workload.
Key Technologies:
• PHP – Server-side scripting language for handling requests.
• MySQL – Database for storing and managing data.
• Apache – Web server to host and serve web pages.
Local Development with XAMPP/LAMP:
• XAMPP (Windows, Linux, macOS) and LAMP (Linux) provide a local testing environment.
• Bundles Apache, MySQL, and PHP for easy setup.
• Allows development without an internet connection.
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 XAMPP/LAMP
• XAMPP and LAMP are software stacks used for local web development, providing a complete
environment to run PHP applications.
XAMPP (Cross-platform, Apache, MySQL, PHP, Perl)
• Works on Windows, Linux, and macOS.
• Comes with Apache (web server), MySQL (database), and PHP (server-side scripting).
• Includes phpMyAdmin for easy database management.
• Simple installation and configuration.

LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP)

• Used in Linux-based environments.
• Requires manual setup but provides better performance for deployment.
• Preferred for hosting live websites on Linux servers.

Why Use XAMPP/LAMP for PHP?

• Provides a local testing server before deployment.
• Eliminates the need for an active internet connection.
• Simplifies PHP, MySQL, and Apache configuration.

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 Running PHP Script in XAMPP
Steps to Run a PHP Script in XAMPP:
• Start XAMPP: Open the XAMPP Control Panel and start Apache and MySQL.
• Create a PHP File:
Save the file inside the htdocs folder (e.g., C:\xampp\htdocs\test.php).
• Write a Basic PHP Script:
<?php
echo "Hello, World! Welcome to PHP in XAMPP.";
?>
• Run in Browser:
Open a browser and visit: http://localhost/test.php
• This will display "Hello, World! Welcome to PHP in XAMPP." on the webpage, confirming that
PHP is running correctly in XAMPP.

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 SUPER GLOBALS
• Super Globals are built-in PHP variables that are accessible from any part of the script (functions,
classes, or files) without needing to declare them as global.

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 Working with Form Data
• Forms collect user input and send it to a server via
GET/POST.
Key Attributes:
• action → Specifies the server-side script to process data.
• method → Defines data submission type (GET or POST).

Example:
<form action="process.php" method="POST">
<input type="text" name="username"
placeholder="Enter Name">
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form> Fig : PHP Form Handling Workflow

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 Database Connectivity - MySQL using XAMPP
🔹 MySQL:A popular Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) for storing structured data.
🔹 XAMPP: A free, open-source package including Apache, MySQL, PHP, and Perl.
🔹 MySQL in Command Mode:
1. Open XAMPP Shell.
2. Type mysql -u root -p to log in.
3. Run SQL commands like:
SHOW DATABASES;
USE myDB;
CREATE TABLE users (id INT, name VARCHAR(50));
🔹 MySQL in GUI (phpMyAdmin):
1. Open http://localhost/phpmyadmin/ in a browser.
2. Create & manage databases visually.
3. Execute SQL queries easily.
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 Working with MySQL Queries
🔹 SQL Query: A command used to interact with MySQL databases (retrieve, insert, update, or delete data).
🔹 Common MySQL Queries:

Creating a Database Inserting Data

Ex:CREATE DATABASE myDB; Ex: INSERT INTO users (id, name, email)
USE myDB; VALUES (1, 'John Doe', '[email protected]');

Creating a Table Retrieving Data

Ex: CREATE TABLE users ( Ex: SELECT * FROM users;
id INT PRIMARY KEY, SELECT name FROM users WHERE id = 1;
name VARCHAR(50),
email VARCHAR(100) Updating Data
); Ex: UPDATE users SET email =
'[email protected]' WHERE id = 1;

🔹 Executing Queries: Deleting Data

Ex: DELETE FROM users WHERE id = 1;
Use MySQL Command Line or phpMyAdmin in XAMPP.

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 Integrating PHP & MySQL with Form Data
Steps to Integrate PHP & MySQL with Form Data
1. Install XAMPP & Start MySQL & Apache
Open XAMPP Control Panel → Start Apache & MySQL

2. Create Database & Table (Using Command/GUI)

Command Mode: Use MySQL CLI 4. Write PHP Script to Connect & Insert Data
<?php
CREATE DATABASE myDB;
$conn = new mysqli("localhost", "root", "",
USE myDB; "myDB");
CREATE TABLE users (id INT AUTO_INCREMENT $conn->query("INSERT INTO users (name,
PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR(50), email email) VALUES ('$_POST[name]',
VARCHAR(100)); '$_POST[email]')");
GUI Mode: Use phpMyAdmin ?>

3. Create HTML Form 5. Run & Test

<form action="process.php" method="POST">
<input type="text" name="name"
• Save files in htdocs
required> • Open http://localhost/form.html in the browser
<input type="email" name="email" • Submit data & check database using
required>
MySQL/phpMyAdmin
<input type="submit">
</form>
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 NoSQL Database - MongoDB Introduction
NoSQL Database
• NoSQL (Not Only SQL) is a non-relational database system designed for scalability,
flexibility, and high performance.
• Used for big data, real-time applications, and distributed systems.
Types of NoSQL databases: Document-based, Key-Value, Column-Family, Graph
Databases.

MongoDB
• MongoDB is a document-oriented NoSQL database that stores data in JSON-like
BSON format.
• Provides high availability, scalability, and flexibility.
• Uses collections (similar to tables in SQL) and documents (similar to rows in SQL).

Key Features of MongoDB:

• Schema-less: No predefined schema, making it flexible.
• Scalability: Supports horizontal scaling with sharding.
• High Performance: Faster read/write operations.
• Indexing: Supports various indexing techniques for quick data retrieval. Fig: MongoDB Database Structure
• Replication: Ensures data availability with Replica Sets.

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 Create and Drop Database in MongoDB
1. Creating a Database
• Use “use myDatabase” to switch or create a database.
• MongoDB creates it only after inserting data.
Example:
use schoolDB
db.students.insertOne({ name: "Alice", age: 22 })

2. Viewing Databases
Use “show dbs” to list databases (only if they contain data).

3. Dropping a Database
• Switch to the database and drop it using:
use schoolDB
db.dropDatabase()
🔹 Deletes the database and collections permanently.

Key Points
• Databases are created when data is inserted.
• show dbs lists databases with collections.
• db.dropDatabase() removes a database permanently.
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 Create and Drop Collection in MongoDB
1. Creating a Collection
• In MongoDB, collections are created automatically when you insert the first document.
• However, you can explicitly create a collection using:
db.createCollection("students")
Example (Inserting data creates a collection automatically):
db.students.insertOne({ name: "Alice", age: 22 })

2. Viewing Collections
• To list all collections in the current database:
show collections

3. Dropping a Collection
• To delete a collection permanently, use:
db.students.drop()
• This removes all documents and deletes the collection.

Key Points
• Collections are created when data is inserted.
• show collections lists all collections in the current database.
• db.collection.drop() permanently deletes a collection.
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 MongoDB Data Types
• MongoDB supports various data types that can be used to store different kinds of values in documents.

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 MongoDB CRUD Operations

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 Integrating PHP with MongoDB.
• Install MongoDB PHP Driver
Using Composer: composer require mongodb/mongodb
Manually: sudo pecl install mongodb
echo "extension=mongodb.so" >> /etc/php.ini
• Connect to MongoDB
require 'vendor/autoload.php';
$client = new MongoDB\Client("mongodb://localhost:27017");
$collection = $client->selectDatabase("myDB")->selectCollection("users");
• Insert Data
$document = ["name" => "Alice", "age" => 25, "email" =>
"[email protected]"];
$collection->insertOne($document);
• Query Data
$cursor = $collection->find(["age" => 25]);
foreach ($cursor as $doc) echo $doc["name"] . " - " . $doc["email"] .
"<br>";
• Update Data
$collection->updateOne(["name" => "Alice"], ['$set' => ["age" => 26]]);
• Delete Data
$collection->deleteOne(["name" => "Alice"]);
• Close Connection (Optional)
$client = null;
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 CONCLUSION

🔹 PHP – A versatile server-side scripting language for dynamic web applications.

🔹 MySQL – A structured, relational database for efficient data management.
🔹 MongoDB – A flexible NoSQL database for handling large-scale, unstructured data.
🔹 XAMPP/LAMP – Simplifies local development and testing environments.
🔹 Seamless Integration – Combining PHP with MySQL & MongoDB enables scalable, efficient, and high-
performing web solutions.

 PHP + MySQL: Used for structured data storage with tables, queries, and relationships.
 PHP + MongoDB: NoSQL database for flexible and scalable data storage.
 Client-Server Flow: PHP processes requests, interacts with databases, and returns responses to users.

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