TIRUMALA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING-(AI)

ACADEMIC YEAR : 2024-2025

Presented Project Head of the

by: Guide:
N.Nageswar Rao Department:
22AR5A430 M.RAJESH NAIK Dr . K. Prasad Rao
1
21AR1A43 K.KEERTH B.e,M.Tech, M.Tech,Phd
35
21AR1A43 I
G.SANDHYA (Phd)
20
21AR1A43 K.VENKATA
26 LAKSHMI
RADAR BASED OBJECT
DETECTION SYSTEM
-USING ULTRASONIC
SENSOR AND ARUDINO UNO
BOARD
Contents
:
1.Abstra
ct
2.Introduc
tion
3.Literature
4.Problem
Survey
Statement
5.System
Analysis
Existing
Systems
Infrared (IR)
SensorWorking
: Circuit
Explanation:
Proposed
Systems
Radar based object detection System -using Ultrasonic sensor
And Arudino Uno board
Working
:
Circuit
Explanation:
 6.System
Requirements
Hardware
Requirements
Arduino Uno
Board
Bread
Board
Servo
Motor
Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04)

Jumper
wires
Software
Requirements
Arduino IDE
Processing
Org
7.System
Design
System
Architetcture
Data Flow
Diagram
UML DIAGRAMS
USE CASE
DIAGRAM
CLASS DIAGRAM
SEQUENCE DIAGRAM
 ACTIVITY
DIAGRAM
DEPLOYMENT 10.CONCLUSIO
DIAGRAM
8.Implementati N
11.Future
on
Installation Enhancement
12.Bibliogra
Arduino phy
Code
Processing
Main Code
Function
Explanation
Doppler effect
Time of Flight
(ToF)
9.Testin
g 1.Hardware
TestingAccuracy
2.Sensor
Testing
3. Software
Testing
4.Functionality
Testing
5.Alpha
Testing
6.Beta
Testing
Final Output
Testing
Abstrac
t

This project demonstrates a simple radar-based

object detection system using Arduino Uno, an
ultrasonic sensor, and a servo motor. The ultrasonic
sensor rotates to scan the surroundings and detect
objects based on distance measurements. The
system provides a real-time display of detected
objects and can be used for applications like obstacle
detection and basic robotics.
INTRODUCTIO
N
A "radar based object detector using an ultrasonic sensor"
essentially functions like a traditional radar system, but
instead of using radio waves, it utilizes high-frequency sound
waves (ultrasonic) to detect and measure the distance to
objects by sending out a sound pulse and calculating the time
it takes for the reflected echo to return, effectively mimicking
the radar principle with sound waves instead of radio waves; this
system is often implemented using a microcontroller like Arduino,
with an ultrasonic sensor attached to a servo motor to scan a desired
area and determine the position and distance of detected objects.
 Literature Survey
Paper &
S.NO Author Content
Publication

Basic Introduction of
Arudino based radar
1. Anuj Dutt radar and components
system
requirements.

Nithyav, Pratical implementation

Robin and experimental
2. Ultrasonic radar
Alias,Vivek results of ultrasonic
joseph sensors

Study of
Implementation of radar Srijan
implementation and
3. using ultra sonics sensor Dubey,Supri
collecting outputs of
and arudino ya tiwari
radar using arduino.
 PROBLEM
STATEMENT

Traditional object detection systems can be

expensive and complex to implement. There is a
need for a low-cost, simple, and efficient solution for
detecting objects and mapping surroundings. This
project aims to develop a radar-based object
detection system using Arduino Uno and an
ultrasonic sensor to provide real-time distance
measurements and object positioning.
System
Analysis
 Existing Systems

Infrared (IR) Sensor-Based Camera-Based Object LIDAR (Light Detection and

Systems Detection (Computer Vision) Ranging) Systems
Infrared (IR) Sensor-Based
Systems

Infrared-based object detection

uses infrared (IR) sensors to detect
objects by measuring emitted or
reflected infrared radiation. It is
commonly used in night vision, motion
detection, and thermal imaging
applications. Passive IR sensors (PIR)
detect heat signatures, while active IR
sensors use IR beams for obstacle
detection. This technology is widely
applied in security systems, robotics,
and autonomous vehicles.
Working:

Infrared (IR) sensor-based systems work by

emitting infrared light, which reflects off objects
and is detected by a photodiode. The sensor
analyzes the reflected signal to determine object
presence and trigger actions like turning on an LED
or buzzer. However, they are affected by ambient
light and struggle with detecting transparent or
reflective surfaces.

Disadvantages:
❌ Limited Range
❌ Affected by Ambient Light
❌ Struggles with Transparent & Reflective Objects
❌ Limited Field of View
 Circuit
Explanation:
IR Sensor to Arduino:
• VCC (IR sensor) → 5V (Arduino) (Red wire)
• GND (IR sensor) → GND (Arduino) (Black
wire)
• OUT (IR sensor) → Digital Pin 8 (Arduino)
(Yellow wire)

LED Connection:
• LED Anode (Long leg) → Digital Pin 7
(Arduino) (Blue wire)
• LED Cathode (Short leg) → Resistor → GND
(Breadboard to Arduino GND)
Proposed Systems
-RADAR BASED OBJECT DETECTION SYSTEM -USING ULTRASONIC
SENSOR AND ARUDINO UNO BOARD

The proposed system uses an Arduino

Uno, an ultrasonic sensor (HC-SR04), and a
servo motor to create a simple radar-based
object detection system. The servo motor
rotates the ultrasonic sensor to scan the
surroundings. The sensor measures the
distance to nearby objects by sending out
ultrasonic pulses and receiving the reflected
signals. The Arduino processes this data to
identify the presence and position of objects,
and the results can be displayed graphically
using software like Processing or a simple
serial monitor. This system is low-cost, easy to
build, and useful for applications in robotics,
automation, and obstacle detection.
RADAR BASED OBJECT DETECTION
-USING ULTRASONIC SENSOR AND ARUDINO UNO BOARD
SYSTEM

The radar-based object detection

system is a low-cost, efficient project that
uses an ultrasonic sensor mounted on a
servo motor, controlled by an Arduino
Uno. The ultrasonic sensor works by
emitting sound waves and measuring the
time it takes for the echo to return after
hitting an object. This time is used to
calculate the
The servo distance
motor of the object
continuously fromthe
rotates
the sensor.
sensor in a defined angular range (e.g., 0° to
180°), allowing it to scan a wider area,
similar to how a real radar works. The
Arduino collects distance data at various
angles and sends it to a computer for
visualization, often using software like
Processing to display a radar-like graphical
Working:

The block diagram illustrates the working principle of an

ultrasonic radar-based object detection system using Arduino
Uno. The system begins with the Arduino sending a start pulse
to the ultrasonic sensor’s transmitter. This transmitter emits
ultrasonic waves that travel through the air. When these waves
encounter an object, they reflect back and are received by the
sensor's receiver. The Arduino then calculates the distance of the
object based on the time interval between sending the start pulse
and receiving the echo pulse. To mimic radar movement, a servo
motor is used to rotate the ultrasonic sensor, allowing it to scan
the surrounding area. The distance data collected during the
scan is sent to a computer, where it can be displayed on a
monitor using software such as Processing, providing a visual
radar-like output.
 Circuit
Explanation: 1. Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04):
• VCC → 5V on Arduino
• GND → GND on Arduino
• Trig → Connected to Digital Pin 9
• Echo → Connected to Digital Pin 8

Function: The sensor sends an ultrasonic wave from the

Trig pin and waits for the echo to return. The time
taken helps measure the distance to the object.

2. Servo Motor:
• VCC (Red wire) → 5V on Arduino
• GND (Brown/Black) → GND on Arduino
• Signal (Orange/Yellow) → Digital Pin 10

Function: The servo motor rotates the ultrasonic sensor

left and right, mimicking a radar scanner.
 System
Requirements
 Hardware Requirements

01 02 03 04 05

Ultrasonic Jumper wires

Servo Motor Sensor (HC-
Arduino Uno Bread Board SR04) Jumper wires are electrical
The Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-
Board A servo motor is a wires with connector pins
A breadboard is a SR04) is a distance-
rotary actuator that at both ends, used to
The Arduino Uno is a reusable electronic measuring sensor that uses
precisely controls connect components on a
microcontroller board board used for high-frequency sound waves
angular position, breadboard or between a
based on the prototyping circuits to detect objects and
commonly used in microcontroller and other
ATmega328P, widely used without soldering, calculate their distance
robotics, automation, devices without soldering.
for prototyping and allowing components to based on the time taken for
and motion control
embedded system be easily connected the waves to return.
applications.
projects. and modified.
Arduino Uno
1.Arduino Uno Board – Simple Explanation
Board 2.USB Port: Used to connect the Arduino to a computer
for programming and power.
3.Power Jack: Connect an external power supply if not
using USB.
4.Reset Button: Press this to restart the Arduino program.
5.Voltage Regulator: Controls the voltage to protect the
board from high input.
6.Crystal Oscillator: Helps the Arduino keep time and run
programs at a fixed speed.
7.ATmega328 Microcontroller: The brain of the board – it
runs the code you upload.
8.Digital I/O Pins (0–13): Used to connect sensors, LEDs,
buzzers, etc. They can act as input or output.
9.Analog Pins (A0–A5): Used to read analog signals like
temperature or light sensors.
10.Power Pins (3.3V, 5V, GND, Vin): Used to power other
components like sensors and modules.
11.TX and RX LEDs: Indicate data being sent (TX) or
received (RX) via USB.
12.Power LED: Glows when the board is powered on.
13.AREF Pin: Used to set a reference voltage for analog
Bread
Board A breadboard is a tool used to build and test electronic circuits without soldering.
The image shows the main parts:

Terminal Strips:
• These are the main working area where electronic components like resistors,
ICs, and wires are inserted.
• The holes in each vertical column (A–E and F–J) are
electrically connected.
DIP Support:
• The gap in the middle allows for inserting Dual Inline Package (DIP)
components like ICs, keeping their pins separated.
Power Rails:
• The long rows marked with red (+) and blue (–) lines on the sides are used to
supply power to the circuit.
• The red rail is usually for positive voltage (VCC), and the blue for ground
(GND).
Bus Strips:
• These connect the power rails horizontally.
• Useful for distributing power evenly across the board.
Servo
Motor 1.GND (Brown or Black Wire):
• This is the ground connection.
• It should be connected to the GND pin of the
Arduino or power supply.
1.VCC (Red Wire):
• This wire provides power to the servo motor.
• Connect it to the 5V pin on the Arduino or an
external power supply (4.8V to 6V range).
1.Control (Orange or Yellow Wire):
• This is the signal wire used to control the angle
of the servo motor.
• Connect this wire to any PWM pin (like pin 9 or
10) on the Arduino.
1.Arm:
• The plastic white part attached on top is called
the arm or horn.
• It rotates based on the signal received and is
used to move or position objects.
Ultrasonic Sensor Main Components:
1. Transmitter (Left Round Component)
(HC-SR04) • Emits an ultrasonic wave (4 KHz in this case).
• Acts like a speaker sending out a sound pulse.
1. Receiver (Right Round Component)
• Listens for the reflected sound wave.
• Acts like a microphone.
1. Oscillator
• Generates the ultrasonic pulse signal for the
transmitter.
• Provides a stable frequency of 4 KHz.

Pin Configuration (from left to right):

1. VCC (Red Label)
• Power supply pin (typically +5V).
1. Trig Pin (Yellow Label)
• The microcontroller sends a signal to this pin to start an
ultrasonic burst.
1. Echo Pin (Purple Label)
• Receives the signal after it bounces back from an object.
• The microcontroller reads this signal to measure the time
interval between transmission and reception.
1. GND (Black Label)
• Ground connection.
Jumper
wires
1.Male to Female (Red Label)
• One end has a male connector (pin) and the other has a female connector
(socket).
• Useful for connecting male header pins on modules/sensors (like the HC-
SR04 ultrasonic sensor) to female headers on microcontrollers or
breadboards.
1.Female to Female (Orange Label)
• Both ends have female connectors (sockets).
• Used to connect two male pins together, such as connecting two
modules/sensors or connecting a module to a male header on a
breadboard.
1.Male to Male (Blue Label)
• Both ends have male connectors (pins).
• Commonly used for connecting components on a breadboard or a
breadboard to the GPIO pins of a microcontroller.
Software Requirements

01 02

Arduino IDE Processing Org

Processing is an open-source programming language
Arduino IDE is an open-source software used for
and environment used for creative coding, data
writing, compiling, and uploading code to Arduino
visualization, and interactive graphics, often utilized
boards, supporting C and C++ programming with
for interfacing with Arduino and real-time visual
built-in libraries.
outputs.
Arduino IDE

The Arduino IDE is a free and open-source software

platform used to write, compile, and upload code to
Arduino boards (microcontroller boards like Arduino
Uno, Nano, Mega, etc.).

• Text editor for writing code (called sketches in Arduino terms).

• Verify/compile button to check your code for errors.
• Upload button to transfer your code to the connected Arduino board via USB.
• Supports C/C++ based programming language.
• Has a serial monitor to communicate with your board in real-time.
• Simple and beginner-friendly interface.
• Can manage additional board definitions and libraries.
Processing
Org
Processing is an open-source graphical library and
integrated development environment (IDE) built for
the electronic arts, new media art, and visual design
communities. It’s used to teach non-programmers the
fundamentals of computer programming in a visual
context.

Used for creating:

• Interactive graphics
• Data visualizations
• Animations
• Generative art
• Prototypes for installations
System Design
System
Architetcture 1️⃣Input Layer
• Component: Ultrasonic Sensor (e.g., HC-SR04)
• Function: Detects distance to an object by sending out ultrasonic waves
and measuring the time it takes for the echo to return.
• Purpose: Captures real-world data (distance) to be processed by the
system.
2️⃣Control Layer
• Component: Arduino Uno
• Function: Acts as the brain of the system. It:
1.Reads the data from the ultrasonic sensor.
2.Processes it according to the programmed
logic.
3.Decides how the output devices should
respond.
3️⃣•Output Layer
Purpose: Controls the entire operation flow
• based
Components:
on sensor input.
• Servo Motor (e.g., SG90): Moves or actuates based on distance
data.
• Optional Display/Interface (e.g., LCD): Shows distance
measurements or status messages.
• Function: Performs actions or displays feedback based on
processed data.
• Purpose: Provides a tangible or visual response to the detected
input.
4️⃣Power Layer
• Component: Power Supply
• Function: Provides necessary electrical power to the
system components like the Arduino, sensor, and motor.
• Purpose: Ensures stable and reliable system operation.

5️⃣Communication Layer (Optional)

• Component: Data Transmission Module (e.g., Bluetooth, Wi-Fi)
• Function: Sends or receives data to/from external systems,
mobile apps, or cloud services.
• Purpose: Enables remote monitoring, control, or data logging.
Data Flow Step-by-Step Explanation:
1.Start
Diagram • Begin the program.
1.Declare the Variables
• Initialize variables needed for distance, speed, time, etc.
1.Send Echo Pulse
• The Arduino sends a pulse to the ultrasonic sensor’s
transmitter.
1.Wait for the Echo
• The system waits to detect the reflected echo.
1.Echo Received?
• Yes: Move to the next step.
• No: If no echo is received (meaning no object detected), the
servo motor rotates.
1.Get Obstacle
• When the echo is back, it indicates an obstacle is detected.
1.Display Object Distance
• The system calculates and displays the distance of the object.
1.Object Moving?
• Yes: Calculate the speed of the moving object.
• No: Proceed to display the speed.
1.Display Speed
• Show the speed value on the display or serial monitor.
1.End
• Program ends or loops back as neededRotates if no object is
detected, as per the control logic.
 UML
DIAGRAMS
What it
Diagram Type Example Purpose
Describes

User
Use Case
interactions with Show how a user can measure distance or speed
Diagram
system

Structure of
system classes
Class Diagram Define Arduino, Sensor, and Motor interactions
and their
methods

Time-sequenced
Sequence interaction
How Arduino sends and receives sensor data
Diagram between
components

Workflow or
Activity Diagram sequence of Visualize how distance is measured and processed
actions

Physical
Deployment deployment of
Show Arduino connected to sensors and computer
USE CASE
DIAGRAM

A Use Case Diagram shows the interactions between actors (users or

systems) and the system itself.
It answers:
• Who uses the system?
• What actions can they perform?
✳️Key Elements:
• Actors: Entities interacting with the system (e.g., User, Arduino,
Sensor)
• Use Cases: Actions or services the system provides (e.g., Measure
Distance, Display Speed)
• System Boundary: Represents the scope of the system
Example:
• User starts the system
• System measures distance
 CLASS
DIAGRAM
A Class Diagram describes the structure of the
system in terms of classes, attributes, and
methods. It models the static view of a system.

✳️Key Elements:
• Classes: Represent software components (e.g.,
Arduino, Sensor, ServoMotor)
• Attributes: Properties (e.g., distance, speed)
• Methods: Operations (e.g., measureDistance(),
rotateServo())
• Relationships: Associations between classes
(e.g., Arduino "uses" Sensor)
Example:
• Class Arduino with attributes and methods to
control sensor and servo
• Class Sensor with method getDistance()
• Class ServoMotor with method rotate()
SEQUENCE
DIAGRAM
A Sequence Diagram models how objects interact in a
particular scenario of a use case, showing the sequence
of messages exchanged.

✳️Key Elements:
• Objects/Actors: Entities involved (e.g., User, Arduino,
Sensor)
• Lifelines: Vertical dashed lines showing their lifetime
• Messages: Arrows representing communication (e.g.,
sendPulse(), getEcho())
Example:
• User triggers start
• Arduino sends a pulse to the sensor
• Sensor sends back echo
• Arduino processes distance and rotates motor
• Arduino sends display command to LCD
ACTIVITY
DIAGRAM

An Activity Diagram describes the flow of activities or

operations in a system. It’s essentially a workflow diagram
showing what happens in order.

✳️Key Elements:
• Activities: Actions performed (e.g., Start Sensor, Wait for
Echo)
• Decision Nodes: Yes/No decisions (e.g., Is Echo
Received?)
• Start/End Points
• Arrows: Show sequence and flow
Example:
• Start → Initialize variables → Send pulse → Wait for echo
→ Echo back? → Measure distance → Rotate motor/display
result → End
DEPLOYMENT
DIAGRAM

A Deployment Diagram shows the physical architecture of the

system — where hardware and software components are
deployed and how they interact.

✳️Key Elements:
• Nodes: Hardware devices (e.g., Computer, Arduino,
Ultrasonic Sensor)
• Artifacts: Software components deployed on those nodes
• Communication Paths: Connections between devices

Example:
• Computer runs Arduino IDE
• Arduino board controls sensor and motor
• Display module shows data
• Connections between them shown via communication links
Implementatio
n
 Installation:

Step-by-Step Guide to Building a Radar-Based Object Detection System Using

Arduino Uno and Ultrasonic Sensor:

Step 1: Gather Required Components

• Arduino Uno – Main microcontroller board
• HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor – Measures distance
• Servo Motor (SG90 or MG995) – Rotates the ultrasonic sensor
• Jumper Wires – For connections
• Breadboard – For circuit prototyping
• Buzzer/LED (Optional) – For alerts
• Computer with Arduino IDE – To upload the code
• Processing Software (Optional) – For radar visualization
Step 2: Circuit Connections:
In this step, we will connect all the necessary
components to build the radar-based object detection
system. This includes the Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04),
Servo Motor (SG90 or MG995). Each connection plays a
vital role in the system’s functionality.
1.Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04)
Connections:
• VCC → Arduino 5V
• GND → Arduino GND
• Trigger Pin → Arduino D9
• Echo Pin → Arduino D10

2.Servo Motor Connections:

• VCC (Red Wire) → Arduino
5V
• GND (Black Wire) →
Arduino GND
• Signal (Yellow Wire) →
Arduino D6
 ARDUINO
CODE
1.Open Arduino IDE and create a new sketch.
2. Upload the following sample code to control the ultrasonic
sensor and servo motor:
3.Upload the code to Arduino Uno and open the Serial Monitor (Tools > Serial Monitor) to see the
angle and distance readings.
 PROCESSING
CODEand install Processing Software from
1. Download
https://processing.org.
2. Open a new Processing sketch and write the following
visualization code:
3.Run the Processing script to see the real-time radar
visualization

Testing Result when no Object Testing result when obstacle detected

is detetcted
Main Function Explanation:

The main function is the core of the

object detection code, orchestrating the
system's operations.
· It continuously reads data from
ultrasonic sensors and calculates
distances.
· Based on the readings, it determines if
an object is detected within the
predefined threshold.
· The function includes error handling
and can send alerts or trigger responses
in real-time as situations change.
Doppler effect

The Doppler Effect is the change in frequency (or wavelength)

of a wave in relation to an observer moving relative to the
source of the wave.
It happens with any type of wave — sound, light, or radio.
 Redshift 🔴
When a light source moves away
from the observer, its light
wavelength stretches, shifting
toward the red end of the
Blueshift
spectrum.🔵
When a light source moves
toward the observer, its light
wavelength compresses, shifting
toward the blue end of the
spectrum.
Shift Wavel Frequen
Movement Color Shift
Type ength cy

Moving away Redshift Longer Lower Toward Red

Moving toward Blueshift Shorter Higher Toward Blue

Time of Flight
(ToF)
Time of Flight is the time taken
by a wave (sound, light, or
electromagnetic) to travel from
a source to a target and back
to the source.

Formul
a:
Testing
 1.Hardware
Testing
Objective: Hardware testing ensures that all physical components of the radar-based
object detection system, including power supply, ultrasonic sensor, servo motor, and
wiring, are properly connected and functioning correctly

Testing Approach:
· Power Supply Testing: Verified that all components
receive stable voltage using a multimeter.
· Ultrasonic Sensor Testing: Measured distance readings
at various angles and object placements.
· Servo Motor Testing: Tested smooth and accurate
rotation between predefined angles (0°, 45°, 90°, 135°,
180°).
· Wiring and Connection Testing: Checked the integrity
of all circuit connections for loose or faulty wires.
· Serial Communication Testing: Ensured correct data
transmission between the Arduino and the Serial
Monitor.
· System Stability Testing: Ran the system for an
extended duration to check for overheating or
performance degradation.
 2.Sensor Accuracy
Testing
Objective: Ensure that the ultrasonic sensor provides precise and consistent distance
measurements under different conditions, minimizing errors and false readings.

Testing Approach:
· Distance Calibration Test: Place objects at known
distances (e.g., 10 cm, 20 cm, 50 cm, 100 cm) and
compare measured values with actual distances.
· Material Sensitivity Test: Test the sensor’s
accuracy against different materials (metal,
plastic, wood, fabric) to check if readings vary.
· Angle Variation Test: Measure distances at
different angles (0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°) to evaluate
how sensor positioning affects accuracy.
· Environmental Condition Test: Test the sensor in
different lighting conditions, temperatures, and
humidity levels to ensure stable readings.
· Repetitive Measurement Test: Take multiple
distance readings at the same position to check
for consistency and noise in the data.
 3. Software
Testing
Objective: Ensure that the radar-based object detection system's software functions
correctly, processes sensor data accurately, and performs actions based on detection logic
without errors.

Testing Approach:
· Code Compilation & Debugging: Verify that the
Arduino code compiles successfully without syntax
errors or warnings.
· Ultrasonic Sensor Data Processing: Ensure the
sensor correctly reads and processes distance
data.
· Servo Motor Control Logic: Test if the servo motor
moves according to programmed angles.
· Object Detection Algorithm Test: Validate that the
system correctly identifies objects and triggers
appropriate actions.
· Serial Communication Test: Check if the system
sends real-time data correctly to the Serial
Monitor.
 4.Functionality
Objective Testing
Ensure that the radar-based object detection system performs all intended
functions correctly, including object detection, distance measurement, servo motor
movement, and data communication.

Testing Approach:
· Object Detection Test: Verify that the
system correctly detects objects within a
predefined range.
· Distance Measurement Test: Compare
measured distances with actual object
distances to ensure accuracy.
· Servo Motor Rotation Test: Check if the
servo motor scans the area correctly by
rotating to defined angles.
· Alert System Test: Ensure that an alert
(buzzer or LED) is triggered when an
object is detected within a critical range.
 5.Alpha
Testing
Objective: Alpha testing ensures that the radar-based object detection system functions as
expected in a controlled environment before deployment. It focuses on detecting major issues,
verifying system reliability, and refining performance.

Testing Approach:
· Component Functionality Test: Verify that
each hardware and software component
operates correctly.
· System Integration Test: Ensure smooth
interaction between the ultrasonic sensor,
servo motor, alert system, and Arduino.
· Performance Evaluation: Check the
system's responsiveness, accuracy, and
speed in detecting objects.
· Error Handling Test: Introduce minor
faults (e.g., disconnect sensor, introduce
obstacles) to observe system behavior.
 6.Beta
Testing
Objective: Beta testing evaluates the radar-based object detection system in a real-world
environment with actual users to identify bugs, usability issues, and performance gaps before
final deployment.

Testing Approach:
· Field Testing: Deploy the system in
different environments (indoors,
outdoors) to observe real-world
performance.
· User Feedback Collection: Gather
input from testers on system usability,
accuracy, and responsiveness.
· Performance Under Variable
Conditions: Test in different lighting,
temperature, and humidity levels to
ensure stability.
· System Reliability Test: Run the
system continuously for extended
periods to check for crashes or failures.
Final Output
Testing:

Testing Result when the system is working and

detecting the objects
 CONCLUSION

The Radar-Based Object Detection System using Arduino Uno and an Ultrasonic
Sensor successfully demonstrates real-time object detection and distance
measurement. The system efficiently scans the surroundings using a servo motor,
detects obstacles using the ultrasonic sensor, and provides visual feedback on an
LCD/OLED display or PC interface. Additionally, an alert mechanism
(buzzer/LED) ensures timely notifications when an object is within a critical range.
Through rigorous testing and optimization, the system has proven to be accurate,
responsive, and reliable for applications in robotics, security systems, automation,
and obstacle detection. The project showcases the potential of low-cost embedded
systems for real-world applications and can be further enhanced with IoT
integration, AI-based detection, or wireless communication for advanced
implementations.
 Future Enhancement

• Enhanced Range and Accuracy: Upgrading the ultrasonic sensor to

one with a higher range and accuracy.
• Multiple Sensors Integration: Using multiple sensors to cover a larger
area and provide more detailed data.
• Advanced Data Processing: Implementing machine learning algorithms
to predict the behavior of detected objects.
• Real-Time Data Transmission: Integrating wireless communication
modules to transmit data to remote systems in real-time.
Bibliogra
phy
Books & Research Papers:
• Mazidi, M.A., Naimi, S., & Naimi, M. (2017). The AVR Microcontroller and Embedded Systems: Using Assembly and C.
Pearson Education.
• Thomas, R. (2018). Arduino Programming: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners. CreateSpace Independent Publishing.Smith,
J. (2020).
• Ultrasonic Sensors for Object Detection: Theory and Applications. IEEE Transactions on Sensors.
Web Sources & Online Tutorials:
• Arduino Official Website. Arduino Uno Board Overview & Specifications.
Retrieved from https://www.arduino.cc
• SparkFun Electronics. HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor Guide.
Retrieved from https://www.sparkfun.com
• Instructables. DIY Radar System using Arduino and Ultrasonic Sensor.
Retrieved from https://www.instructables.com
Datasheets & Technical Documents:
• HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor Datasheet. Retrieved from https://www.micropik.com/PDF/HCSR04.pdf
• SG90 Servo Motor Datasheet. Retrieved from https://www.towerpro.com.tw
• ATmega328P Microcontroller Datasheet. Retrieved from https://www.microchip.com
Videos & Online Courses:
• YouTube: Arduino Radar Project using Ultrasonic Sensor and Servo Motor by Techiesms.
• Udemy: Arduino Step-by-Step Projects by Dr. Peter Dalmaris.
THANK YOU!
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