Introduction to

Information
and
Communication
Technology:
The Future Now

Chapter 1
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 • As the result of developments in information
technology,
Using Information Technology, 11e

smartphones and computers are

changing
nearly everything we do.

2
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 Information and
Using Information Technology, 11e

Communication
Technology
Refers to any technology that helps
to produce, manipulate, store,
communicate, and/or disseminate
information.
3
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 How Computers Work: Three Key
Concepts
All computer users must understand three basic principles: (1)
Data is turned into information; (2) hardware and software
Using Information Technology, 11e

have their own specific functions; and (3) all computers

involve input, processing, storage, and output, plus
communications.
1. Purpose of a computer: Turning data into information
• Data: the raw facts and figures
• Information: data that has been summarized or otherwise
transformed for use in decision making
2. Hardware vs. software
• Hardware = the machinery and equipment in a computer
system
• Software (programs) = the electronic instructions that tell
(continued)
the computer how to perform a task 4
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 Information Processing Cycle

What is the Information Processing Cycle?

Using Information Technology, 11e

⮚ Input – raw/unclean data

⮚ Process – method, event
⮚ Output – processed information
⮚ Storage – capture and retain digital info
⮚ Communication – exchange of
information
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 Two Parts of ICT: Computers &
Communications
A computer is a programmable, multiuse machine that
Using Information Technology, 11e

accepts data—raw facts and figures—and processes, or

manipulates, it into information
we can use.

Communications technology, also called

telecommunications
technology, consists of electromagnetic devices and
systems for communicating over any distance.

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 Two Parts of ICT: Computers &
Communications
Information and Communication
Using Information Technology, 11e

technology affects almost all aspects of our

lives, including
education, health, finance, recreation and
entertainment, government, jobs and careers,
and your personal life.

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 Education: The Promise of More
Interactive & Individualized Learning

Education has become heavily involved in information

technology.
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Information technology can be used for:

• Personalizing students’ education
• Automating tedious and rote tasks and managing classes
• Reducing instructors’ workload (course-management software)
• Graphical presentations (PowerPoint, Prezi)
• What is misuse?
• Text messaging or emailing friends during class
• Surfing the Internet for entertainment
• Doing assignments for other classes
• Sharing answers
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 Education: The Promise of More Interactive
& Individualized Learning
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Online Learning, or distance learning, is

becoming common.
• Not all online schools/courses are accredited; students
should check.
• Online courses are less expensive than traditional courses.
• Distance learning is available to students in rural areas.
• Tutoring, simulation, and avatars are also aspects
of IT in education:

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 Health: High-Tech for Wellness

Computers are playing important roles in our

personal lives.
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Telemedicine: Medical care via

telecommunications lets doctors treat patients
from far away.
• 3D Computer models allow accurate tumor location inside a skull;
X rays, MRIs, CT scans can be done remotely.
• Robots—automatic devices that perform functions
• ordinarily performed by human beings—permit precise
microsurgery.
• Health websites provide medical information.
• Many health records are stored electronically.
10
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 Money & Business: Toward the
Cashless Society?

Information and Com. technology is reducing the use of

traditional money.
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Virtual means something that is created, simulated, or

carried on by means of a computer or a computer
network.
• Virtual money includes cash-value cards, automatic
transfers, and digital money
• “Electronic wallets” (e.g., PayPal)
• Electronic payroll deposit
• Online bill paying via debit and credit cards
• Micropayments for online products and
to help charities 11
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 Money & Business: Toward the
Cashless Society?

• Smartphones are used for “showrooming” and

shopping.
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Technology can also be used to telecommute and to

start businesses and earn money.

12
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 Government & Electronic Democracy:
Participating in the Civic Realm

Information technology is helping governments to deliver

services and is affecting political activism.
Using Information Technology, 11e

• IT can help governments to improve services, including police services,

which use databases, computer systems with a collection of
interrelated files.
• Online voting is becoming common.
• Information is easier to disseminate.
• Watchdog websites are growing.
• Easier fund raising from small donors.
BUT:
• Gerrymandering is becoming easier—redrawing voting districts for partisan
advantage.
• Voting machine problems can occur. 13
• Invasion of privacy is becoming an important issue.
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 Jobs & Careers

People now use computers to post résumés and find jobs.

Using Information Technology, 11e

• IT is used in starting new business ventures.

• IT is used to prepare résumés and find jobs on many
websites.
• To help find jobs, participate in social media and write
comments on blogs (weblogs), frequently updated sites
on the web intended for public consumption that
contain a writer’s observations, opinions, images, and
links to other websites. (But be aware of privacy
issues and DON’T POST inappropriate pictures or text!)
(Internet postings live forever!)
14
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 Jobs & Careers

• Basic computer skills are needed for most jobs:

• Know how to use a keyboard.
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Use email.
• Be able to use a word processor (usually Microsoft Word).
• Know basic spreadsheet and database software skills.
• Understand the basics of file sizes, computer memory
limitations, and network arrangements.
• Know what the basic computer system components are.

Discussion Question: Can anyone think of a career that does not

require computer skills at all?
15
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 Your Personal Life

Computers are playing important roles in our personal lives.

• Online relationship sites, or online dating sites,
Using Information Technology, 11e

provide electronic forums that people may join in

the hope of meeting compatible companions or
mates.
• “Digital is embedded into the fiber of every aspect of
our culture and our personal lives”– public safety and
security; in the home; entertainment; finance;
communications; traveling; shopping; medical care; and
so on.
Discussion Question: Can anyone think of an area of life NOT affected
by IT?
16
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Using Information Technology, 11e

Computer Savvy /
Tech Smart
- means knowing what computers can do
and what they can’t, knowing how they can
benefit you and how they can harm you,
knowing when you can solve computer
problems and when you have to call a
friend.
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 How Becoming tech Smart
Benefits You?
Being informed about information technology has
practical payoffs.
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Know how to make better buying decisions

• Know how to fix ordinary computer problems
• Know how to upgrade equipment and integrate it
with new products
• Know how to use the Internet effectively
• Know how to guard against online dangers
• Know how computer knowledge can advance your
career
18
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
Using Information Technology, 11e

The Varieties of
Computers

19
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 All Computers, Great & Small: The
Categories of Machines
Computers come in different sizes; they also function
as clients and/or servers.
Using Information Technology, 11e

• There are five basic computer sizes.

1.Supercomputers
2.Mainframes
3.Workstations
4.Microcomputers
5.Microcontrollers

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 1. Supercomputers

Supercomputers are used in very special situations.

• High-capacity machines with thousands
Using Information Technology, 11e

of processors that can perform more than several

quadrillion calculations per second.
• Faster and largest computer available.
• Used for government census, weather forecasting,
designing aircraft, scientific projects, etc.
• The Titan (U.S.A.) computer is currently the largest
supercomputer.
• The next supercomputer generation may use
nanotechnology. 21
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 2. Mainframes

Mainframe computers are used in many large businesses.

Using Information Technology, 11e

• Process billions of instructions per second

• Size is dependent on the use
• Water-cooled or air-cooled
• Used to be called midsize computers
• Used by banks, airlines, colleges, and the like for
millions of transactions

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 3. Workstations

Workstations are used for graphics, special effects, and

certain professional applications.
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Expensive, powerful personal computers

• Used for scientific, mathematical, engineering,
computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided
manufacturing (CAM) applications
• Used for designing cars, drugs, movie special
effects
• Are usually connected to a network
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 4. Microcomputers

Microcomputers are used by individuals as well as

businesses, and
Using Information Technology, 11e

they can be connected to networks of larger computers.

There are
many types of microcomputers.
• Used either stand-alone or in a network
• Types include: desktop, tower, notebooks
(laptops), netbooks, tablets, mobile devices,
personal digital
assistants (PDAs), and e-readers
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Types of Microcomputers (1)

• Desktop and tower PCs Desktop Tower

Using Information Technology, 11e

PC PC

• Notebooks & netbooks

• Tablets

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 Types of Microcomputers (2)

• Mobile devices & PDAs

Using Information Technology, 11e

• E-readers

• Also called embedded computers, microcontrollers

are tiny, specialized microprocessors inside appliances
and automobiles They are in microwaves,
programmable ovens, blood-pressure monitors, air
bag sensors, vibration sensors, MP3 players, digital
cameras, keyboards, car systems, etc.
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 Servers

• The word server describes the way a computer—

whether mainframe, workstation, or PC—is used.
Using Information Technology, 11e

• A server, or network server , is a central computer

that holds collections of data (databases) and
programs for connecting or supplying services to
PCs, workstations, and other devices, which are
called clients. These clients are linked by a wired
or wireless network. The entire network is called a
client-server network.
• Purpose: Hold data and programs for clients to access
and to supply services for clients. 27
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 1.6 Where Is
Using Information Technology, 11e

Information
Technology Headed?

28
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 Computers are headed in three basic directions—
Using Information Technology, 11e

1. Miniaturization – everything has become

smaller
2. Faster Speeds – because of miniaturization,
more HW components can cram into machines,
providing fast processing speeds and more
data storage capacity
3. greater affordability – processors cost today
are only fraction of what they were 15 years ago.

29
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 When Computers & Communications
Combine:
What are the 6 developments growing out of the fusion
of computers and communications?
Using Information Technology, 11e

1. Convergence - describes the combining of several

industries through various devices that exchange data
in the format used by the computers
2. Portability – Access to techs our anywhere,
anytime
3. Personalization – the creation of information
tailored to your preferences.

30
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 When Computers & Communications
Combine:

4. Collaboration – Ex. Photo-sharing websites, calendar-

Using Information Technology, 11e

sharing services, group-edited sites such as wiki, social

networking services.

5. Cloud-Computing - instead of storing your data on your

own PC,
you store it on the servers on the internet.

31
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 6. Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to a group of
related technologies used for developing machines to
Using Information Technology, 11e

emulate human qualities, such as learning, reasoning,

communicating, seeing, and hearing. Much of AI is
based on the use of algorithms, formulas or sets of
steps for solving particular problems.
AI deals with Big Data, data that is so large and
complex that it cannot be processed using
conventional methods,

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Using Information Technology, 11e

IT Professions /
Career

33
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 ICT Profession / Career
Using Information Technology, 11e

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Application Development

The IT application development group typically provides

leadership and overall guidance, but the systems themselves are
Using Information Technology, 11e

developed by teams consisting of users, managers, and IT staff

members.
A popular model for information systems
development is a project-oriented team
using RAD or JAD, with IT professionals
providing overall coordination, guidance,
and technical support.

35
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Systems Support and Security

Systems support and security provides

vital protection and maintenance services for
Using Information Technology, 11e

system hardware and software, including

enterprise
computing systems, networks,
Transaction processing
systems, and corporate IT
infrastructure.
36
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 User Support

User support provides users with

technical information, training, and
Using Information Technology, 11e

productivity support. The user support

function usually is called
a help desk or information
center (IC).

37
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 Database Administration

Database administration involves data

design, management, security, backup, and
Using Information Technology, 11e

access. In small- and medium-sized

companies, an IT support
person performs those
roles in addition to other
duties.

38
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Network Administration

Network administration includes hardware and

software maintenance, support, and security. In
Using Information Technology, 11e

addition to controlling user access, network

administrators
install, configure, manage,
monitor, and maintain network
applications

39
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Web Support

Web support is a vital technical support function.

Web support specialists design and construct Web
Using Information Technology, 11e

pages, monitor traffic, manage hardware and

software, and link Web-based applications to the
company’s
information systems. Reliable,
high-quality Web support is
especially critical for companies
engaged in e-commerce.
40
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Quality Assurance (QA)

• Many large IT departments also use a quality

assurance (QA) team that reviews and tests
Using Information Technology, 11e

all applications and systems changes to verify

specifications and software quality standards.
The QA team usually is
a separate unit that reports
directly to IT management.

41
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Other ICT Profession

• System Tester
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Game Tester
• Content Editor
• Search engine Optimizer (SEO) – digital
marketing

42
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