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02 - OSI Reference Model

The OSI model is an internationally standardized network architecture consisting of seven layers that facilitate communication between open systems. Each layer provides specific services to the layer above and consumes services from the layer below, with functionalities ranging from data transmission to application support. The model also distinguishes between connection-oriented and connectionless services, emphasizing the importance of reliability in data communication.

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10 views17 pages

02 - OSI Reference Model

The OSI model is an internationally standardized network architecture consisting of seven layers that facilitate communication between open systems. Each layer provides specific services to the layer above and consumes services from the layer below, with functionalities ranging from data transmission to application support. The model also distinguishes between connection-oriented and connectionless services, emphasizing the importance of reliability in data communication.

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rislanmohammed1511
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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OSI Model

Topics
• The OSI reference model
• Services in the OSI model
OSI Reference Model
• OSI Reference Model - internationally standardised
network architecture.
• OSI = Open Systems Interconnection: deals with open
systems, i.e. systems open for communications with
other systems.
• Specified in ISO 7498.
• Model has 7 layers.
7-Layer OSI Model
Layer 7 Application Layer • Layers 1-4 relate to
communications technology.
Layer 6 Presentation Layer
• Layers 5-7 relate to user
Layer 5 Session Layer applications.
Layer 4 Transport Layer

Layer 3 Network Layer

Layer 2 Data Link Layer

Layer 1 Physical Layer

Communications subnet boundary


Layer 7: Application
•
Layer
Level at which applications access network
services.
• Represents services that directly support
software applications for file transfers,
database access, and electronic mail etc.
Layer 6: Presentation
•
Layer
Related to representation of transmitted
data
• Translates different data representations from
the Application layer into uniform standard
format
• Providing services for secure efficient data
transmission
• e.g. data encryption, and data compression.
Layer 5: Session Layer
• Allows two applications on different
computers to establish, use, and end a
session.
• e.g. file transfer, remote login
• Establishes dialog control
• Regulates which side transmits, plus when and
how long it transmits.
• Performs token management and synchronization.
Layer 4: Transport
•
Layer
Manages transmission packets
• Repackages long messages when necessary
into small packets for transmission
• Reassembles packets in correct order to get the
original message.
• Handles error recognition and recovery.
• Transport layer at receiving acknowledges
packet delivery.
• Resends missing packets
Layer 3: Network Layer
• Manages addressing/routing of data within
the subnet
• Addresses messages and translates logical
addresses and names into physical addresses.
• Determines the route from the source to the
destination computer
• Manages traffic problems, such as switching,
routing, and controlling the congestion of data
packets.
• Routing can be:
• Based on static tables
• determined at start of each session
• Individually determined for each packet, reflecting the
current network load.
Layer 2: Data Link
·
Layer
Packages raw bits from the Physical layer
into frames (logical, structured packets for
data).
· Provides reliable transmission of frames
· It waits for an acknowledgment from the
receiving computer.
· Retransmits frames for which
acknowledgement not received
Layer 1: Physical Layer
• Transmits bits from one computer to
another
• Regulates the transmission of a stream of
bits over a physical medium.
• Defines how the cable is attached to the
network adapter and what transmission
technique is used to send data over the
cable. Deals with issues like
• The definition of 0 and 1, e.g. how many volts represents a
1, and how long a bit lasts?
• Whether the channel is simplex or duplex?
• How many pins a connector has, and what the function of
each pin is?
Internet Protocols vs
OSI
Application
• Explicit
Presentation and
Presentation Application session layers
missing in
Session Internet Protocols
Transport TCP • Data Link and
IP Network Layers
Network
redesigned
Data Link Network Interface

Physical Hardware
Services in the OSI
Model
• In OSI model, each layer provide services to layer
above, and ‘consumes’ services provided by layer
below.
• Active elements in a layer called entities.
• Entities in same layer in different machines called peer
entities.
Layering Principles
N+1
PDU

(N+1) Entity Layer N+1 protocol (N+1) Entity


Service User Service User
Layer N Service
SDU
Access Point (SAP)
(N) Entity Layer N protocol (N) Entity
Service Provider Service Provider

N N
PDU PDU
PDU - Protocol Data Unit
SDU - Service Data Unit

• Layer N provides service to layer N+1


Connections
• Layers can offer connection-oriented or connectionless
services.
• Connection-oriented like telephone system.
• Connectionless like postal system.
• Each service has an associated Quality-of-service (e.g.
reliable or unreliable).
Reliability
• Reliable services never lose/corrupt data.
• Reliable service costs more.
• Typical application for reliable service is file transfer.
• Typical application not needing reliable service is
voice traffic.
• Not all applications need connections.
Topics
• Service = set of primitives provided by one layer to
layer above.
• Service defines what layer can do (but not how it does
it).
• Protocol = set of rules governing data communication
between peer entities, i.e. format and meaning of
frames/packets.
• Service/protocol decoupling very important.

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