St.

Xavier School
Jawlakhel, Lalitpur

Project work of computer

Science
Name : Bidisha
Gyawali
Roll no: 16
Class: 11 B
 Group Members
• BIDISHA GYAWALI
• RAGHABI JOSHI
• SHREYAH JHA
• YOUBHAV KANDEL
• SAMIP KARKI
 Table of Contents
• Types of computer ( on the basis of size). Types of computer
( on the
• Super computer basis of
working principle)
• Mainframe computer Analog
computer
• Micro computer Digital
computer
• Mini computer Hybrid
computer
 Types of computer
On Basis of Size

1. Super computer
A supercomputer is a high-performance computing machine
designed to process vast amounts of data and perform complex
calculations at extremely high speeds. This computer is special purpose
and is capable of handling huge amounts of calculations that are beyond
human capabilities. It can perform at billions of instructions per second
(BIPS) and more.
Some of today's super computer has the computing capability equal to
that of 40,000 micro-computers. This computer is the most expensive
computer. Usually, such computer uses parallel processors.
 Features of Super computer
Supercomputers are high-performance computing systems designed
for complex calculations and processing large amounts of data. Here
are some features:
• High Processing Power: Supercomputers have thousands of processors
working in parallel, enabling them to perform trillions of calculations per
second.
• Parallel Processing: They excel at executing multiple processes simultaneously,
enhancing performance for complex simulations and modeling tasks.
• Reliability and Redundancy: Designed for continuous operation, often featuring
failover systems to ensure uptime.
• Energy Efficiency: Efforts are made to maximize performance per watt,
reducing operational costs.
• Software and Programming: They often run specialized software and require
advanced programming techniques, including parallel programming.
 Application Areas
• Climate Modeling: Simulating weather patterns and climate
change scenarios.
• Scientific Research: Conducting complex simulations in physics,
chemistry, and biology.
• Astrophysics: Analyzing cosmic phenomena and simulations of the
universe's evolution.
• Molecular Modeling: Drug discovery and understanding protein
folding.
• Nuclear Simulations: Modeling nuclear reactions and safety
protocols .
2. MainFrame
Computer
Mainframe computers are high-performance computing systems designed for large-scale
processing and handling vast amounts of data.
Some of its Features are as follows:

1. High Reliability: Mainframes are known for their stability and uptime, often running
continuously for years without failure.
2. Large Memory and Storage: They can support extensive memory and storage capacities,
allowing them to process large datasets efficiently.
3. Scalability: Mainframes can be scaled up by adding more resources to accommodate growing
workloads.
4. Multitasking: They can run multiple applications and support thousands of users simultaneously.
5. Security: Mainframes offer advanced security features, making them suitable for industries that
handle sensitive data, such as finance and healthcare.
6. Compatibility: Mainframes can run multiple operating systems and support legacy applications,
making them versatile in enterprise environments .
 Uses of Mainframe computer

• Banking and Finance: For processing transactions,

managing accounts, and ensuring data integrity.
• Insurance: To handle policy management and claims
processing efficiently. Government: For maintaining records,
processing tax returns, and managing social services.
• Retail: For managing inventory, sales, and customer data
across large networks.
• Examples: Fujitsu GS21, IBM z15, IBM 1401, CYBER 170
3. Micro computer

• A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive

computer with a microprocessor as its central
processing unit (CPU). It is designed for individual
use and is often referred to as a personal computer
(PC). Microcomputers are widely used in homes,
schools, and businesses for general tasks like word
processing, browsing the internet, and gaming.
Examples of Microcomputers: Desktop PCs: Like the
Dell XPS or Apple iMac. Laptops: Such as the HP
Spectre x360 or MacBook Pro.
4. Mini computer

• A minicomputer is larger than a microcomputer and is

designed to serve multiple users simultaneously.
Minicomputers were introduced in the 1960s to fill the
gap between the smaller microcomputers and the larger
mainframe computers. They are often used in businesses
and organizations to handle tasks like data processing,
scientific research, and managing databases.
 Types of computer
On the Basis of working principle
1. Analog Computer
An analog computer is a type of computer that
processes data in a continuous form, typically representing
physical quantities like voltage, current, or mechanical
motion. Unlike digital computers, which use discrete values
(binary digits 0 and 1), analog computers perform
calculations using continuously varying signals. They are
well-suited for simulating real-world systems that involve
continuous changes, such as temperature, speed, and
pressure.
 How Analog Computers Work
• Analog computers use electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic
systems to model and solve equations that describe
physical phenomena. Components like resistors,
capacitors, and operational amplifiers are used to
manipulate voltages or currents in ways that correspond
to mathematical operations (addition, subtraction,
multiplication, etc.).
2. Digital Computer

• A digital computer is an electronic device that processes

information using binary numbers, represented as 0s and 1s. It
operates through a combination of hardware and software,
executing programs to perform tasks like calculations, data
processing, and control operations. The core components of a
digital computer include the Central Processing Unit (CPU), which
carries out instructions and performs arithmetic operations,
memory that stores data and instructions, and input/output
devices for interacting with users and other systems. Examples of
digital computer: IBM PC,IBM compatible, Apple computers etc.
 Application Areas
1. Business and Finance Digital computers are integral to modern business
operations. They handle tasks such as data management, payroll processing, and
financial modeling. Accounting systems rely on digital computers for maintaining
accurate records, and preparing financial statements. In finance, computers
facilitate electronic trading, risk management. For example, banks use high-
powered computing systems to process millions of transactions securely each day.

2. Education : In education, digital computers have transformed learning by

providing access to vast amounts of information, interactive learning platforms,
and online courses. Students and educators use digital tools for research, writing,
simulations etc.
3. Scientific Research Scientific research heavily relies on
digital computers for simulations, data analysis, and
complex calculations. Fields such as physics, chemistry,
biology, and environmental science require massive
computing power to process large datasets, run
experiments, and simulate complex phenomena. For
example, in climate science, digital computers help model
weather patterns, predict climate change etc.
 Hybrid Computer
• A hybrid computer combines the features of both analog and digital
computers. It is capable of processing both continuous (analog) and
discrete (digital) data.
• Analog computers process continuous data like temperature and
pressure, making them ideal for tasks such as simulations or real-time
processing where variables are constantly changing. Digital computers,
by contrast, handle discrete data, providing high accuracy and
performing complex calculations. A key feature of hybrid computers is the
presence of Analog-to-Digital converters, which convert continuous
analog signals into digital form, and Digital-to-Analog converters, which
turn digital signals into analog form..
Characteristics of Hybrid Computers:

I. Speed and Accuracy: It offers the high speed of analog

computers for continuous data, while providing accuracy and
reliability in processing digital data.
II. Real-Time Processing: Hybrid computers can handle real-
time tasks, making them suitable for applications where
immediate data feedback is essential.
III.Conversion Capability: They have built-in Analog-to-Digital
(A/D) and Digital-to-Analog (D/A) converters, allowing them
to process both types of data.
 Fields of Use
• Medical Equipment: Devices like CT scans, MRI machines, and ICU monitors use
hybrid computers to process both continuous physiological data and discrete patient
information.
• Weather Forecasting: Hybrid systems are used to model complex weather patterns,
where both analog data (temperature, pressure) and digital computations (forecast
models) are needed.
• Industrial Control Systems: In manufacturing, hybrid computers control automated
processes that require real-time monitoring and adjustment.
• Defense and Military Applications: Used in missile guidance systems and radar
systems, where real-time processing of continuous signals and precise digital
calculations are crucial.
 Mobile Computing

Mobile computing refers to a set of technologies and

practices that allow computing tasks to be performed using
mobile devices, such as smartphones, tablets, and laptops,
through wireless connections. It enables users to access
information, run applications, and communicate from
virtually anywhere, without being tied to a physical location
or wired network.
 Features
a. Portability: Devices like smartphones, tablets, and laptops are lightweight
and easy to carry.
b. Connectivity: Mobile devices often have various connectivity options,
including Wi-Fi, cellular networks (3G, 4G, 5G), and Bluetooth.
c. Mobility: Users can perform tasks on-the-go, facilitating real-time
communication and data access.
d. User-friendly interfaces: Touchscreens and intuitive apps make it easy for
users to interact with mobile devices.
e. Location Awareness: GPS and location-based services enable applications to
provide context-sensitive information and services.
 Applications
• Communication: Instant messaging, video calls, and social media apps enable
constant connectivity.
• Navigation: GPS-based services assist with real-time directions and location
tracking.
• E-commerce: Mobile apps allow users to shop, pay bills, and manage finances on the
go.
• Healthcare: Mobile health applications facilitate telemedicine and remote patient
monitoring.
• Social Networking: Platforms for sharing and connecting with others from
anywhere.
 Limitations
• Battery Life: Mobile devices have limited battery capacity, which can
restrict usage time.
• Connectivity Issues: Mobile networks can be unreliable in certain areas,
affecting service quality.
• Security Risks: Increased risk of data breaches and unauthorized access
due to the portability of devices.
• Limited Processing Power: Compared to desktop systems, mobile devices
often have less processing power and storage capacity.
• Screen Size Constraints: Smaller screens can limit usability and user
experience for complex tasks.
THANK YOU