WEB BROWSER

 Web Browser Definition: A software application used to

access information on the World Wide Web is called a Web
Browser. When a user requests some information, the web
browser fetches the data from a web server and then
displays the webpage on the user’s screen.
 A web browser is an application for accessing websites.
When a user requests a web page from a particular website,
the browser retrieves its files from a web server and then
displays the page on the user's screen.
 Browsers are used on a range of devices, including desktops
, laptops, tablets, and smartphones. By 2020, an estimated
4.9 billion people had used a browser. The most-used
browser is Google Chrome.
A web browser is not the same thing as a
search engine, though the two are often
confused. A search engine is a website
that provides links to other websites.
 However, to connect to a website's server
and display its web pages, a user must
have a web browser installed.
 In some technical contexts, browsers are
referred to as user agents.
 Function
 The purpose of a web browser is to fetch content and
display it on the user's device or to retrieve information
from the World Wide Web and making it available for
users.
 This process begins when the user inputs a
Uniform Resource Locator (URL), such
as https://en.wikipedia.org/, into the browser.
 Virtually all URLs on the Web start with
either http: or https: which means they are retrieved
with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). For
secure mode (HTTPS), the connection between the
browser and web server is encrypted, providing a secure
and private data transfer.
 Web pages usually contain hyperlinks to other pages and
resources. Each link contains a URL, and when it is clicked or
tapped, the browser navigates to the new resource.
 Most browsers use an internal cache of web page resources to
improve loading times for subsequent visits to the same page. The
cache can store many items, such as large images, so they do not
need to be downloaded from the server again.
 Visiting any website can be done using a web browser. When a URL
is entered in a browser, the web server takes us to that website.
 It makes Internet surfing easy as once we reach a website we can
easily check the hyperlinks and get more and more useful data
online.
 Multiple webpages can be opened at the same time on a web
browser.
 Options like back, forward, reload, stop reload, home, etc. are
available on these web browsers, which make using them easy and
convenient
 Communication System
 The communication system is a system which describes
the information exchange between two points. The
process of transmission and reception of information is
called communication.
 The major elements of communication are
the Transmitter of information, the Channel or
medium of communication and the Receiver of
information.
 Types of Communication Systems
Depending on signal specification or technology, the
communication system is classified as follows:
Analog
 Analog: Uses electronic signals of different frequencies and
amplitudes to transmit data between devices or
people. Radio and telephone transmission are examples of
analog technology.
Digital
 In digital technology, the data are generated and processed
in two states: High (represented as 1) and low (represented
as 0). Digital technology stores and transmits data in the form
of 1s and 0s.
 Digital communication includes emails, video calls, instant
Block Diagram of Communication system
 The block diagram given below represents the flow of the signal from
the source to the destination.
 Elements of Communication Systems
 Information
Message or information is the entity that is to be
transmitted. It can be in the form of audio, video,
temperature, picture, pressure, etc.
 Signal
Information converted into an electrical form suitable for
transmission is called a signal. There are two types of
signals; Analog and Digital.
 Transducer
It is a device or an arrangement that converts one form of
energy to the other. Since the information from the input
source are non-electrical quantity, the input transducer
convert this non-electrical quantity into electrical quantity.
 For example, a microphone converts audio signals into
electrical signals.
 Amplifier
The electronic circuit or device that increases the amplitude
or the strength of the transmitted signal is called an
amplifier. When the signal strength becomes less than the
required value, amplification can be done anywhere
between the transmitter and receiver.
 Modulator
As the original message signal cannot be transmitted over a
large distance because of their low frequency and
amplitude. A modulator is a device or circuit that adds a
low-frequency signal to a high-frequency signal to enable
wireless transmission. This process is called modulation.
 Antenna

An antenna is a a device that will radiate and receive

electromagnetic waves. So, they are used in both
transmitters and receivers. An antenna is basically a
metallic object, often a collection of wires.
 Channel

A channel refers to a physical medium such as wire,

cables, or space through which the signal is passed from
the transmitter to the receiver.
 Noise

Noise is one of the channel imperfections or

impairments in the received signal at the destination.
There are external and internal sources that cause noise.
Types of Transmission
Media
What is Transmission Media?
 Transmission media refer to the physical pathways through
which data is transmitted from one device to another within a
network. These pathways can be wired or wireless.
 A transmission medium is a physical path between the
transmitter and the receiver i.e. it is the channel through
which data is sent from one place to another.
 Transmission Media is broadly classified into the following
types:
1. Guided Media

 Guided Media is also referred to as Wired or

Bounded transmission media. Signals being
transmitted are directed and confined in a
narrow pathway by using physical links.

Features:
• High Speed
• Secure
• Used for comparatively shorter distances
There are 3 major types of Guided Media:

Guided Media

Twisted Pair Cable Coaxial Cable Optical Fiber Cable

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
 Twisted Pair Cable

 It consists of 2 separately insulated conductor wires

wound about each other. Generally, several such pairs
are bundled together in a protective sheath. They are the
most widely used Transmission Media.
 Twisted Pair is of two types:
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP): UTP consists of two insulated
copper wires twisted around one another. This type of cable has
the ability to block interference and does not depend on a physical
shield for this purpose. It is used for telephonic applications.
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP): This type of cable consists of a special
jacket (a copper braid covering or a foil shield) to block external
interference. It is used in fast-data-rate Ethernet and in voice and
data channels of telephone lines.
 Coaxial Cable

 It has an outer plastic covering containing an

insulation layer made of PVC or Teflon and 2 parallel
conductors each having a separate insulated
protection cover.
 The coaxial cable transmits information in two modes:
 Baseband mode(dedicated cable bandwidth) and
Broadband mode(cable bandwidth is split into
separate ranges).
 Cable TVs and analog television networks widely use
Coaxial cables.
Optical Fiber Cable
 Optical Fiber Cable uses the concept of refraction of
light through a core made up of glass or plastic.
 The core is surrounded by a less dense glass or plastic
covering called the cladding.
 Itis used for the transmission of large volumes of
data. The cable can be unidirectional or bidirectional.
 Cladding
Light Ray

Fiber core

Plastic coating
2. Unguided Media

 It is also referred to as Wireless or

Unbounded transmission media . No physical
medium is required for the transmission of
electromagnetic signals.

 Features of Unguided Media

• The signal is broadcasted through air

• Less Secure
• Used for larger distances
 There are 3 types of Signals transmitted through unguided media:

Radio Waves
 Radio waves are easy to generate and can penetrate through buildings. The
sending and receiving antennas need not be aligned. Frequency Range:3KHz –
1GHz. AM and FM radios and cordless phones use Radio waves for transmission.

Microwaves
 It is a line of sight transmission i.e. the sending and receiving antennas need to be
properly aligned with each other. The distance covered by the signal is directly
proportional to the height of the antenna. Frequency Range:1GHz – 300GHz.
Micro waves are majorly used for mobile phone communication and television
distribution.
Infrared
 Infrared waves are used for very short distance communication. They cannot
penetrate through obstacles. This prevents interference between systems.
Frequency Range:300GHz – 400THz. It is used in TV remotes, wireless mouse,
keyboard, printer, etc.
 What is a Computer Network?

 A computer network is a group of linked

computers or a group of devices that are
connected and can share resources and exchange
data with each other.
 These devices can include computers, servers,
networking hardware, and other devices.
 With the help of the computer network, people
can exchange or share information or data with
the help of devices, and these devices also allow
Types of Computer Network
Local area network (LAN)
A LAN is a network that connects devices within a single building or
office. LANs are used for high-speed data transmission within a close
proximity.
Metropolitan area network (MAN)
A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a computer network that
connects computers in a large area, like a city or college campus, and
allows for high-speed data transmission. MANs are larger than a local
area network (LAN) but smaller than a wide area network (WAN).
Wide area network (WAN)
A WAN is a network that connects devices across buildings, cities, and
countries. WANs are used for secure and reliable long-distance
communication.
Personal area network (PAN)
A PAN is a short-range network that connects devices used
by an individual, such as a mobile phone or a smart
TV. PANs can be wireless or wired.
 Application of Computer Network
 There are a variety of fields in computer networks that are used in
industries. Some of them are as follows:
 1. Internet and World Wide Web
 In computer networks, we have a global internet, also known as
the World Wide Web, that offers us various features like access to
websites, online services and retrieval of information. With the
help of the World Wide Web, we can browse, and we can do
search, and access web pages and multimedia content.
 2. Communication
 With the help of computer networks, communication is also easy
because we can do email, instant messaging, voice and video calls
and video conferencing, which helps us to communicate with each
other effectively. People can use these features in their businesses
and organizations to stay connected with each other.
 3. File Sharing and Data Transfer
 Data transfer and file sharing are made possible by
networks that connect different devices. This covers file
sharing within a business setting, file sharing between
personal devices, and downloading/uploading of content
from the internet.
4. Online gaming
 Multiplayer online games use computer networks to link
players from all over the world, enabling online
competitions and real-time gaming experiences.
5. Remote Access and Control
 Networks enable users to access and control systems and
devices from a distance. This is helpful when accessing
home automation systems, managing servers, and providing
remote IT support.
 6. Social media
 With the help of a computer network, we can use social
media sites like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram to help
people set up their profiles, and we can connect with others
and share content on social media.
7. Online Banking and E-Commerce
 Online banking and e-commerce platforms, where customers
conduct financial transactions and make online purchases,
require secure computer networks.
8. Healthcare
 With the help of computer networks in the health industry,
we can share patient records and store the records in the
form of data that is easy and secure compared to the file
method. Networks are also necessary for telemedicine and
remote patient monitoring.
 9. Education
 Schools use networks to access online courses, virtual
classrooms, and other online learning materials. Campuses of
colleges and universities frequently have extensive computer
networks.

10. Healthcare
 With the help of computer networks in the health industry, we
can share patient records and store the records in the form of
data that is easy and secure compared to the file method.
Networks are also necessary for telemedicine and remote patient
monitoring.
11. Education
 Schools use networks to access online courses, virtual classrooms,
and other online learning materials. Campuses of colleges and
universities frequently have extensive computer networks.
 12. Government and Defense
 With the help of computer networks, we can
communicate, share data, and advance national
defence. Government agencies and the military
rely on secure networks.
13. Scientific Research
 Toshare data, work together on projects, and
access high-performance computing resources
for data analysis and scientific simulations,
researchers use networks.
 Internet
 The Internet is a global network connecting millions of
computer. It is a massive network of network a networking
infrastructure. It connects millions of computers together
globally forming a network in which any computer can
communicate with any other computer as long as they are
both connected to Internet.
 The Internet is the global system of interconnected Computer
networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link
devices worldwide.
 It is a network of network that consists of private, public, academic, business and government networks of
local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic wireless and optical networking technologies.
 The Internet is a global network of billions of computers and other electronic devices. With the Internet,
it's possible to access almost any information, communicate with anyone else in the world, and do much
more.
 You can do all of this by connecting a computer to the Internet, which is also called going online. When
someone says a computer is online, it's just another way of saying it's connected to the Internet.
Applications of Internet

 Web Browsing and Information Access

 Communication and collaboration
 Data sharing
 Online shopping
 Real time updates
 E banking
 Social media
 Job search and Remote work
 Video Conferencing
 WWW(World Wide Web)
 The World Wide Web -- also known as the web, WWW or W3 -- refers
to all the public websites or pages that users can access on their local
computers and other devices through the internet.
 These pages and documents are interconnected by means of
hyperlinks that users click on for information. This information can be
in different formats, including text, images, audio and video.
 The WWW was developed by Tim Berners-Lee and his colleagues at
CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research ) in 1989. It gained
rapid acceptance after the release of the Mosaic web browser in
1993.The World Wide Web is part of the internet.
 The WWW allows users to access a wide range of content, including
text, images, audio, and video. It's made possible by hyperlinks, which
are electronic connections that link related pieces of information.
 The World Wide Web (WWW) is a collection of public web pages
and documents that are accessible through the internet. It's a
system of interconnected pages that users can view on their
computers and other devices using a browser.

The WWW is made up of several components, including:

•Hypertext: Hypertext is text which contains links to other texts.

•Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): A protocol that standardizes
data transfer and communication between a server and a client
•Uniform Resource Locator (URL): A unique identifier that a client
uses to access a web component

 To view files on the web you need web browsing software you
use this software to view different locations on the web which
are known to be as web pages. A group of Web pages is a
website. The first page of a website is often called the
homepage.
 Social networking
 Social networking is the use of online platforms to build
relationships and connect with others like families, friends and
those who share similar interests, backgrounds, or activities.
Social networking can be used for social or business purposes.
 Social networks are websites and apps that allow users and
organizations to connect, communicate, share information and
form relationships. Social networks are one of the most important
uses of the internet today.
 Popular social networking sites -- such as Facbook, Twitter,
Instagram and TikTok -- enable individuals to maintain social
connections, stay informed and access, as well as share a wealth of
information. These sites also enable marketers to reach their target
audiences.
 The term social networking entails having
connections in both the real and the digital worlds.
Today, this term is mainly used to reference online
social communications.
 Theinternet has made it possible for people to find
and connect with others who they may never have
met otherwise.
 Online social networking is dependent on
technology and internet connectivity. Users can
access social networking sites using their PCs,
tablets or smartphones.
 What is the purpose of social networking?

Social networking fulfills the following four main objectives:

• Sharing. Friends or family members who are geographically
dispersed can connect remotely and share information,
updates, photos and videos. Social networking also enables
individuals to meet other people with similar interests or to
expand their current social networks.
• Learning. Social networks serve as great learning platforms.
Consumers can instantly receive breaking news, get
updates regarding friends and family, or learn about what's
happening in their community.
• Interacting. Social networking enhances user
interactions by breaking the barriers of time and
distance. With cloud-based video communication
technologies such as WhatsApp or Instagram Live,
people can talk face to face with anyone in the
world.
• Marketing. Companies may tap into social
networking services to enhance brand awareness
with the platform's users, improve customer
retention and conversion rates, and promote brand
and voice identity.
Computer Based Information Systems (CBIS)
A computer-based information system refers to a
collection of various systems, such as office automation
systems, transaction processing systems, management
information systems, and execitive support systems,
that utilize computers to process and manipulate data
in order to achieve specific objectives.
A computer-based information system (CBIS) is a
collection of systems that use computers to store,
process, and manage data. CBIS are used in many
applications, including in the workplace, in education,
and in voting machines.
 Computer Based Information System (CBIS) is an information system
in which the computer plays a major role. Such a system consists of
the following elements:
Types of Computer Based Information Systems

1. Transaction Processing Systems

2. Management Information
System
3. Decision Support Systems
4.Executive Support Systems
5. Office Automation Systems
 Transaction Processing Systems

 A transaction processing system canbe defined as a

computer based system that captures, classifies, stores,
maintains, updates and retrieves transaction data for
record keeping.
 Transaction Processing Systems are aimed at improving
the routine business activities on which all organizations
depend.
A transaction is any event or activity like- Placing orders,
billing customers, hiring of employees and depositing
cheques are some of the common transactions.
 Management Information System
 Management Information System are more concerned
with management function. MIS can be described as
information system that can provide all levels of
management with information essential to the running
of smooth business.
 This information must be as relevant, timely, accurate,
complete and concise and economically feasible
 An MIS is a system that provides managers with the
necessary information to make decisions about an
organization's operations.
In a corporate setting, the ultimate goal of
using management information system is to
increase the value and profits of the business.
A management information system (MIS) is
an information system used for decision-
making, and for the coordination, control,
analysis, and visualization of information in an
organization.
 Decision Support Systems

 A decision support system (DSS) is a computer

program used to improve a company's decision-
making capabilities. It analyzes large amounts of data
and presents an organization with the best possible
options available.
 The purpose of a DSS is to gather, analyze and
synthesize data to produce comprehensive
information reports that an organization can use to
assist in its decision-making process.
 Unlike tools that are limited to just data collection,
DSSes also process that data to create detailed
reports and projections.
A decision support application might gather and
present the following typical information:
• Comparative sales figures between one week and the
next.
• Projected revenue figures based on new product sales
assumptions.
• The consequences of different decisions.
• Informational applications provide users with relevant
information based on a variety of data sources to
support better-informed decision-making.
Executive Support System (ESS)
 An Executive Support System (ESS) is a type of
decision support system designed to assist high-
level executives and decision-makers in an
organization. It provides access to key data, critical
analyses, and strategic information to aid in
decision-making processes.
 ESS typically includes user-friendly interfaces and
visualization tools, aggregating data from multiple
sources to help executives identify trends, monitor
performance, and gain insights for strategic
planning.
 Office Automation Systems
 An office automation system can be described as a
multi-function, integrated computer based system that
allows many office activities to be performed in an
electronic mode.
 This involves the use of word processing equipment to
facilitate the typing, storing, revising and printing of
textual materials.
 Another development is a computer based
communications system such as electronic mail which
allows people to communicate in an electronic mode
through computer terminals.
They will increase the efficiency and
productivity of office workers-typists,
secretaries, administrative assistants, staff
professionals, managers.