Chapter 7

Trigonometric
Functions

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 Section 7.8
Phase Shift; Sinusoidal
Curve Fitting

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Objectives
• Graph Sinusoidal Functions of the Form
y = A sin (ωx – ϕ) + B
• Build Sinusoidal Models from Data

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Properties

For the graphs of y = A sin (ωx – ϕ) + B or

y = A cos (ωx – ϕ), ω > 0,
2
Amplitude = |A| Period T 


Phase shift 

The phase shift is to the left if ϕ < 0 and to the
right if ϕ > 0.

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Example 1: Finding the Amplitude, Period, and Phase
Shift of a Sinusoidal Function and Graphing It (1 of 6)

Find the amplitude, period, and phase shift of

y = 3 sin (2x – π), and graph the function.
Use the four step process used to graph sinusoidal
functions of the form y = A sin (ωx) or y = A cos (ωx).

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Example 1: Finding the Amplitude, Period, and Phase
Shift of a Sinusoidal Function and Graphing It (2 of 6)

Step 1: Comparing
   
y 3sin 2 x    3sin  2  x   
to   2 

   
y  A sin  x     A sin    x   
   
note that A = 3, ω = 2, and ϕ = π.
The graph is a sine curve with amplitude |A| = 3,
period T  2  2  
  , and phase shift   .
 2  2

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Example 1: Finding the Amplitude, Period, and Phase
Shift of a Sinusoidal Function and Graphing It (3 of 6)

Step 2: The graph of y = 3 sin (2x – π) lies between

–3 and 3 on the y-axis. One cycle begins at
   2  3
x   and ends at x      .
 2   2 2
  3 
To find the five key points, divide the interval  , 
 2 2 
into four subintervals, each of the length

 4  , by finding the following values of x:
4

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Example 1: Finding the Amplitude, Period, and Phase
Shift of a Sinusoidal Function and Graphing It (4 of 6)

Step 3: Use these values of x to determine the five

key points on the graph:
   3   5   3 
 , 0  , 3  , 0   ,  3   , 0
2   4   4   2 

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Example 1: Finding the Amplitude, Period, and Phase
Shift of a Sinusoidal Function and Graphing It (5 of 6)

Step 4: Plot these five points and fill in the graph of

the sine function on the left.
Then extend the graph in each direction.

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Example 1: Finding the Amplitude, Period, and Phase
Shift of a Sinusoidal Function and Graphing It (6 of 6)
   
The graph of y 3sin 2 x    3sin  2  x   
  2 
may also be obtained using transformations.

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Example 2: Finding the Amplitude, Period, and Phase
Shift of a Sinusoidal Function and Graphing It (1 of 5)

Find the amplitude, period, and phase shift of

y = 4 cos(2x + 3π) – 1, and graph the function.
Step 1: Compare
  3  
y 4cos 2 x  3   1 4cos  2  x  
  2 
to
   
y  A cos  x     A cos    x   
   
Note that A = 4, ω = 2, and ϕ = –3π.
The graph is a cosine curve with amplitude |A| = 4,
period T  2  2  , and phase shift    3 .
 2  2
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Example 2: Finding the Amplitude, Period, and Phase
Shift of a Sinusoidal Function and Graphing It (2 of 5)

Step 2: The graph of y = 4 cos(2x + 3π) – 1 will lie

between –4 and 4 on the y-axis. One cycle begins at
 3  2 3 
x   and ends at x       .
 2   2 2
To find the five key points, divide the interval
 3  
  2 ,  2  into four subintervals, each of the length

 4  by finding the following values of x:
4
3 3  5 5   3 3  
             
2 2nd 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2
1st x-coordinate 2 x-coordinate 3 x-coordinate
rd
4th x-coordinate 5 x-coordinate
th

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Example 2: Finding the Amplitude, Period, and Phase
Shift of a Sinusoidal Function and Graphing It (3 of 5)

Step 3: The five key points on the graph of

y = 4 cos(2x + 3π) – 1 are
 3   5   3    
 ,4    ,0    ,  4   ,0    ,4 
 2  4   4  2 

Step 4: Plot these five points and fill in the graph of

the cosine function as shown on the next slides.
Extend the graph in each direction to obtain the
graph of y = 4 cos (2x + 3π).

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Example 2: Finding the Amplitude, Period, and Phase
Shift of a Sinusoidal Function and Graphing It (4 of 5)

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Example 2: Finding the Amplitude, Period, and Phase
Shift of a Sinusoidal Function and Graphing It (5 of 5)

Step 5: A vertical shift down 1 unit gives the final

graph; y = 4cos(2x + 3π) – 1.

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Example 3: Finding a Sinusoidal
Function from Temperature Data (1 of 8)
Fit a sine function to the data in the table.
Begin with a scatter diagram
of the data for one year.

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Example 3: Finding a Sinusoidal
Function from Temperature Data (2 of 8)
The data will be fitted to a sine function of the form
y  A sin  x     B
Step 1: To find the amplitude A, compute
largest data value  smallest data value
Amplitude 
2
74.2  30.0
 22.1
2
To see the remaining steps in this process,
superimpose the graph of the function y = 22.1 sin x,
where x represents months, on the scatter plot.
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Example 3: Finding a Sinusoidal
Function from Temperature Data (3 of 8)
The figure shows the two graphs.
To fit the data, the graph needs to be shifted
vertically, shifted horizontally, and stretched
horizontally.

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Example 3: Finding a Sinusoidal
Function from Temperature Data (4 of 8)
Step 2: Determine the vertical shift by finding the
average of the highest and lowest data values.
largest data value  smallest data value
Vertical shift 
2
74.2  30.0
 52.1
2
Now superimpose the graph
of y = 22.1 sin x + 52.1 on the
scatter plot.
We see that the graph needs to
be shifted horizontally and stretched horizontally.
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Example 3: Finding a Sinusoidal
Function from Temperature Data (5 of 8)
Step 3: It is easier to find the horizontal stretch
factor first. Since the temperatures repeat every
12 months, the period of the function is T = 12.
2 2 
Because T  12, then   
 12 6
Now superimpose the graph of
 
y 22.1sin  x   52.1 on the
6 
scatter plot. See the figure,
where the graph still needs to
be shifted horizontally.
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Example 3: Finding a Sinusoidal
Function from Temperature Data (6 of 8)
Step 4: To determine the horizontal shift, use the
period T = 12 and divide the interval [0, 12] into four
subintervals of length 12 4 3 :
[0, 3] [3, 6] [6, 9] [9, 12]
The sine curve is increasing on the interval [0, 3]
and is decreasing on the interval [3, 9], so a local
maximum occurs at x = 3.
The data indicate that a maximum occurs at x = 7
(corresponding to July’s temperature), so the graph
of the function must be shifted 4 units to the right by
replacing x by x – 4.
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Example 3: Finding a Sinusoidal
Function from Temperature Data (7 of 8)
Doing this yields
 
y 22.1sin  ( x  4)   52.1
6 
Distributing reveals that a sine function of the form
y  A sin  x     B that fits the data is
 2 
y 22.1sin  x    52.1
6 3 

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Example 3: Finding a Sinusoidal
Function from Temperature Data (8 of 8)
 2 
The graph of y 22.1sin  x    52.1 and the
6 3 
scatter plot of the data are shown in the figure.

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Steps for Fitting a Sine Function
y = A sin (ωx – ϕ) + B to Data (1 of 2)
Step 1: Determine A, the amplitude of the function.
largest data value  smallest data value
Amplitude 
2

Step 2: Determine B, the vertical shift of the function.

largest data value  smallest data value
Vertical shift 
2

Step 3: Determine ω. Since the period T, the time it

2 2
takes for the data to repeat, is T  , we have  
 T

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Steps for Fitting a Sine Function
y = A sin (ωx – ϕ) + B to Data (2 of 2)
Step 4: Determine the horizontal shift of the function by
using the period of the data. Divide the period into four
subintervals of equal length. Determine the x-coordinate
for the maximum of the sine function and the
x-coordinate for the maximum value of the data. Use this

information to determine the value of the phase shift, .


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Example 4: Finding a Sinusoidal
Function for Hours of Daylight (1 of 7)
According to the Old Farmer’s Almanac, the number of hours
of sunlight in Boston on the day of the summer solstice is
15.28, and the number of hours of sunlight on the day of the
winter solstice is 9.07.
a) Find a sinusoidal function of the form y = A sin (ωx – ϕ) + B
that fits the data.
b) Use the function found in part (a) to predict the number of
hours of sunlight in Boston on April 1, the 91st day of the
year.
c) Graph the function found in part (a).
d) Look up the number of hours of sunlight for April 1 in the Old
Farmer’s Almanac and compare it to the results found in
part (b).
Source: The Old Farmer’s Almanac, www.almanac.com/rise
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Example 4: Finding a Sinusoidal
Function for Hours of Daylight (2 of 7)
a) Step 1:
largest data value  smallest data value
Amplitude 
2
15.28  9.07
 3.105
2
Step 2:
largest data value  smallest data value
Vertical shift 
2
15.28  9.07
 12.175
2

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Example 4: Finding a Sinusoidal
Function for Hours of Daylight (3 of 7)
Step 3: The data repeat every 365 days. Since
2 2
T 365 we find  
 365

So far, we have
 2 
y 3.105sin  x     12.175.
 365 

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Example 4: Finding a Sinusoidal
Function for Hours of Daylight (4 of 7)
Step 4: To determine the horizontal shift, use the
period T = 365 and divide the intervals [0, 365] into
four subintervals of length 365 4 91.25 :
[0, 91.25], [91.25, 182.5], [182.5, 273.75], [273.75, 365]
The sine curve is increasing on the interval
[0, 91.25] and is decreasing on the interval
[91.25, 273.75], so a local maximum occurs at
x = 91.25.

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Example 4: Finding a Sinusoidal
Function for Hours of Daylight (5 of 7)
Since the maximum occurs on the summer solstice
at x = 172, we must shift the graph of the function
172 – 91.25 = 80.75 units to the right by replacing
x by x – 80.75.
 2 
Doing this yields y 3.105sin  ( x  80.75)   12.175
 365 
Next, multiply out to obtain the form
y = A sin (ωx – ϕ) + B.
 2 323 
y 3.105sin  x   12.175
 365 730 

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Example 4: Finding a Sinusoidal
Function for Hours of Daylight (6 of 7)
b) To predict the number of hours of daylight on
April 1, let x = 91 in the function found in part (a)
and obtain
 2 323 
y 3.105sin  91    12.175
 365 730 
12.72
The prediction is that there will be about
12.72 hours = 12 hours 43 minutes of sunlight on
April 1 in Boston.

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Example 4: Finding a Sinusoidal
Function for Hours of Daylight (7 of 7)
c) The graph of the function found in part (a) is
given.

d) According to the Old Farmer’s Almanac (2018),

there will be 12 hours 45 minutes of sunlight on April
1 in Boston.
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Example 5: Finding the Sine Function
of Best Fit (1 of 3)
Use a graphing utility to find the sine function of
best fit for the data in the
table. Graph this function
with the scatter plot of the
data.

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Example 5: Finding the Sine Function
of Best Fit (2 of 3)
Enter the data from the table and execute the SINe
REGression program. The result is shown in the
figure.

The output that the utility provides shows the

equation y = a sin (bx + c) + d
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Example 5: Finding the Sine Function
of Best Fit (3 of 3)
The sinusoidal function of best fit is
y = 21.54 sin(0.56x – 2.44) + 51.77
where x represents the month and y represents the
average monthly temperature.
The figure shows the graph
of the sinusoidal function of
best fit on the scatter plot.

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