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Slide-5 (Reduction of Mutliple Subsystems)

The document outlines a course on Control Systems (EEE-359) taught by Assistant Professor Fahim Mahmud, covering topics such as block diagrams, feedback systems, signal-flow graphs, and Mason's rule. It includes detailed explanations of system representations, analysis techniques, and examples for practical understanding. The course aims to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of linear time-invariant (LTI) systems and their applications.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
11 views17 pages

Slide-5 (Reduction of Mutliple Subsystems)

The document outlines a course on Control Systems (EEE-359) taught by Assistant Professor Fahim Mahmud, covering topics such as block diagrams, feedback systems, signal-flow graphs, and Mason's rule. It includes detailed explanations of system representations, analysis techniques, and examples for practical understanding. The course aims to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of linear time-invariant (LTI) systems and their applications.

Uploaded by

gptyy0278
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Course title: Control systems

Course code: EEE-359


Fahim Mahmud
Assistant Professor
Department of EEE
CUET
Class outline
• Block diagram and its components for an LTI system
• Cascade, parallel and feedback form
• Block movements
• Analysis and design of feedback system
• Signal-flow graph
• Mason’s rule
• Signal-flow graphs of state equations
Block diagram representation
• A subsystem is represented as a block with input, output and a transfer function.
• Many real world systems consist of multiple interconnected subsystems.
• Such systems have summing junctions and pickoff points.
Cascade form

The above equivalent transfer function was derived on the assumption that
subsequent subsystems didn’t load the previous ones.
Parallel form
Feedback form
Block movements
Block movements…
Numerical on block reduction
• Example-5.1
• Example-5.2
• Skill-5.1
Analysis and design of feedback
system
• We can reduce the feedback system on the left
to a single transfer function as:

• The poles are given by:

• With changing values of K, the system can


demonstrate any of the 4 types of behavior.
• However, change of K doesn’t affect the real
part and hence, the settling time remains
constant.
• Example-5.3 and 5.4, skill-5.2
Signal-flow graph
• Signal-flow graphs are an alternative to block diagrams.
• They consist of nodes (representing signals) and branches (representing systems).

• V(s) = G1(s)R1(s) - G2(s)R2(s) + G3(s)R3(s)


• Example-5.5 and 5.6, skill-5.3
Definitions for Mason’s rule
• Mason’s rule is used to reduce signal-flow graphs.
• Loop gain: The product of branch gains found by traversing a path that starts at a node and ends at
the same node, following the direction of the signal flow.

• For the above figure, loop gains are: G2H1, G4H2, G4G5H3, G4G6H3
Definitions for Mason’s rule…
• Forward-path gain: The product of gains found by traversing a path from the input node to the
output node of signal-flow graph in the direction of signal flow. From the previous figure, the
forward-path gains are: G1G2G3G4G5G7 and G1G2G3G4G6G7
• Non-touching loops: Loops that do not have any nodes in common. For example, in the previous
figure, loop G2H1 and G4G5H3, G4G6H3, G4H2 are non-touching loops.
• Non-touching loop gain: The product of non-touching loops taken two, three, four or more at a
time. In the previous figure, non-touching loop gains taken two at a time are: [G2H1][G4H2],
[G2H1][G4G5H3], [G2H1][G4G6H3]. We cannot take three at a time because in that case, the
loops won’t be non-touching.
Mason’s rule
• The transfer function of a system, C(s)/R(s), represented by a signal flow graph is:

• Here, k = number of forward paths


• = k-th forward path gain

• Example-5.7
• Skill-5.4
Signal-flow graph of state equations
• First, identify n node for n state variables and also n nodes, placed on the left of the previous
nodes, to be the derivatives of the state variables.
• Then place the input node on the far left and the output node on the far right.
• Connect the corresponding pair of nodes with the defining integration (1/s).
• Next, according to the given state equations, make connection from the derivatives of the state
variable nodes to the state variable nodes. Also make proper connection from the input node.
• Do the same for the output equation.
• Draw the signal-flow graph from the following state equations.
Alternative representation in state
space
• All the representations yield the same output for the same input.
• However, different representations have their advantages.
• Some of them may be able to model actual physical variables of the system, such as amplifier and
filter outputs.
• Some representation leads to ease of solution.
• Other representation might make the modelling procedure easy.
• Cascade form (see textbook)
• Parallel form (see textbook)
THANK YOU

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