Slide-5 (Reduction of Mutliple Subsystems)
Slide-5 (Reduction of Mutliple Subsystems)
The above equivalent transfer function was derived on the assumption that
subsequent subsystems didn’t load the previous ones.
Parallel form
Feedback form
Block movements
Block movements…
Numerical on block reduction
• Example-5.1
• Example-5.2
• Skill-5.1
Analysis and design of feedback
system
• We can reduce the feedback system on the left
to a single transfer function as:
• For the above figure, loop gains are: G2H1, G4H2, G4G5H3, G4G6H3
Definitions for Mason’s rule…
• Forward-path gain: The product of gains found by traversing a path from the input node to the
output node of signal-flow graph in the direction of signal flow. From the previous figure, the
forward-path gains are: G1G2G3G4G5G7 and G1G2G3G4G6G7
• Non-touching loops: Loops that do not have any nodes in common. For example, in the previous
figure, loop G2H1 and G4G5H3, G4G6H3, G4H2 are non-touching loops.
• Non-touching loop gain: The product of non-touching loops taken two, three, four or more at a
time. In the previous figure, non-touching loop gains taken two at a time are: [G2H1][G4H2],
[G2H1][G4G5H3], [G2H1][G4G6H3]. We cannot take three at a time because in that case, the
loops won’t be non-touching.
Mason’s rule
• The transfer function of a system, C(s)/R(s), represented by a signal flow graph is:
• Example-5.7
• Skill-5.4
Signal-flow graph of state equations
• First, identify n node for n state variables and also n nodes, placed on the left of the previous
nodes, to be the derivatives of the state variables.
• Then place the input node on the far left and the output node on the far right.
• Connect the corresponding pair of nodes with the defining integration (1/s).
• Next, according to the given state equations, make connection from the derivatives of the state
variable nodes to the state variable nodes. Also make proper connection from the input node.
• Do the same for the output equation.
• Draw the signal-flow graph from the following state equations.
Alternative representation in state
space
• All the representations yield the same output for the same input.
• However, different representations have their advantages.
• Some of them may be able to model actual physical variables of the system, such as amplifier and
filter outputs.
• Some representation leads to ease of solution.
• Other representation might make the modelling procedure easy.
• Cascade form (see textbook)
• Parallel form (see textbook)
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