2.basic Programming Conceptssss
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mahdiware2.basic Programming Conceptssss
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mahdiwareChapter 02:
Basic Programming Concepts
Basic Syntax
In OOP Methodology a program consists of various
objects that interact with each other by means of
actions.
Member Variables
Variables are attributes or data members of a class. They are used for
storing data
Member Functions
Functions are set of statements that perform a specific task.
Instantiating a Class
In the preceding program, the class ExecuteRectangle is used as a
class, which contains the Main() method and instantiates the Rectangle
class.
Basic Syntax
Identifiers
An identifier is a name used to identify a class, variable,
function, or any other user defined item. The basic rules for
naming classes in C# are as follows:
A name must begin with a letter that could be followed by a
sequence of letters, digits (0 - 9), or underscore. The first
character in an identifier cannot be a digit.
It must not contain any embedded space or symbol like ? -
+! @ # % ^ & * ( ) [ ] { } . ; : " ' / and \. However, an
underscore ( _ ) can be used.
It should not be a C# keyword.
Variables in C#
A variable is a named storage location that holds a
value, which can be changed during program execution.
dataType variableName = value;
int age = 25; // Integer variable
double price = 99.99; // Floating-point variable
string name = "John"; // String variable
bool isActive = true; // Boolean variable
Types of Variables
a) Local Variables
void ExampleMethod()
{
int num = 10; // Local variable
Console.WriteLine(num);
}
b) Instance Variables (Fields)
class Person
{
public string name; // Instance variable
}
Types of Variables
c) Static Variables
class Counter
{
public static int count = 0; // Static variable
}
d) Read-Only Variables
class Sample
{
public readonly int myValue;
public Sample(int value)
{
myValue = value;
}
}
Constants in C#
A constant is a variable whose value cannot be changed after it is assigned.
Syntax of Constant
const dataType constantName = value;
Example
const int MAX_USERS = 100; // Constant integer
Key Points about Constants
•Must be initialized at the time of declaration.
•Cannot be modified later.
•Are implicitly static, so they belong to the class and not an instance .
Operators in C#
Operators in C# are special symbols that perform operations on
variables and values.
C# provides different types of operators, categorized based on their
functionality.
1. Arithmetic Operators
These operators perform mathematical calculations.
Example
int a = 10, b = 5;
Console.WriteLine(a + b); // Output: 15
Console.WriteLine(a - b); // Output: 5
Relational (Comparison)
Operators
Used to compare values and return a bool (true/false).
Example
int a = 10, b = 5;
Console.WriteLine(a > b); // Output: True
Console.WriteLine(a == b); // Output: False
Logical Operators
Used for boolean (true/false) expressions.
Example
bool x = true, y = false;
Console.WriteLine(x && y); // Output: False
Console.WriteLine(x || y); // Output: True
Console.WriteLine(!x); // Output: False
Bitwise Operators
Perform operations on binary numbers.
Example
int a = 5, b = 3;
Console.WriteLine(a & b); // Output: 1
Console.WriteLine(a | b); // Output: 7
Input and Output (I/O) Operations
C# provides several ways to handle user input and
display output, primarily using the Console class for
console applications and other methods for file
handling, GUI applications, and web-based
input/output.
1. Console Input (Console.ReadLine, Console.Read,
Console.ReadKey)
Reading User Input from the Console
C# allows reading user input via the Console.ReadLine(),
Console.Read(), and Console.ReadKey() methods.
Input and Output (I/O) Operations
a) Console.ReadLine() – Reads a full line
•Returns user input as a string .
•Commonly used for reading text and numbers.
Console.Write("Enter your name: ");
string name = Console.ReadLine();
Console.WriteLine("Hello, " + name + "!");
Input and Output (I/O) Operations
b) Console.Read() – Reads a single character as an integer.
•Returns an ASCII integer value of a single character.
•Pressing Enter is required to submit input.
Example
Console.Write("Press any key: ");
int key = Console.Read();
Console.WriteLine("\nYou pressed: " +
(char)key);
Input and Output (I/O) Operations
C) Console.ReadKey() – Reads a single character without
pressing Enter
•Immediately captures a key press.
•Returns a ConsoleKeyInfo object, which contains the pressed
key.
Example
Console.Write("Press any key to continue...");
ConsoleKeyInfo key = Console.ReadKey();
Console.WriteLine("\nYou pressed: " +
key.KeyChar);
Input and Output (I/O) Operations
2. Console Output (Console.Write and Console.WriteLine)
C# provides Console.Write() and Console.WriteLine() methods to display output.
a) Console.WriteLine() – Prints text followed by a new line
•Moves the cursor to the next line after printing.
b) Console.Write() – Prints text without a new line
•Keeps the cursor on the same line.
C# Keywords
C# Keywords
Data types
Value types
Value type variables can be assigned a value directly.
Reference types
The reference types do not contain the actual data stored in a
variable, but they contain a reference to the variables.
Pointer types
Pointer type variables store the memory address of another
type. Pointers in C# have the same capabilities as the pointers
in C or C++.
Data types
As its name indicates, a data type represents a
type of the data which you can process using your
computer program. It can be numeric,
alphanumeric, decimal, etc.
For Example :
Name : Zara Ali
Class : 6th
Section :J
Age : 13
Gender :F
Data types
Student name "Zara Ali" is a sequence of
characters which is also called a string.
Student class "6th" has been represented by a
mix of whole number and a string of two
characters. Such a mix is called alphanumeric.
Student section has been represented by single
character which is 'J'.
Student age has been represented by whole
number which is 13.
Student gender has been represented by a single
character which is 'F'
Data types
Similar way when we write our computer program
to process different types of data, we need to
specify its type clearly otherwise computer does
not understand how different operations can be
performed on that given data. Different
programming languages use different keywords to
specify different data types
Data types
Type Keywor Value range
d
Character Char -128 to 127 or 0 to 255
Number Int -32,768 to 32,767 or
-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,64
Small Number Short -32,768 to 32,767
Long Number Long -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
Decimal Float 1.2E-38 to 3.4E+38 till 6 decimal
Number places
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