Operating Systems

INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING
SYSTEM (OS)
 Slides Credits for all PPTs of OS course

The slides/diagrams in this course are an adaptation,

combination, and enhancement of material from the
following resources and persons:
1. Slides of A. Silberschatz, P. B. Galvin and G. Gagne with
some enhancements by Y. Wiseman.
2. Slides of Mario Marchand of the University of Ottawa
and Patricia Roy of Manatee Community College based
on W. Stallings with some enhancements by O. Kremien
and E. Gruengard.
3. Some diagrams from R. A. Finkel and Andrew S.
Tanenbaum
 Initial Objectives
• To describe the basic organization of computer systems
and operating systems.
• To give an overview of the many types of computing
environments.
• To explore varied types of operating systems.
• To provide a grand tour of the major components of
operating systems.
• To describe the services an operating system provides
to users, processes, and other systems.
• To discuss the various ways of structuring an operating
system.
 What is an Operating System (1)?
• A modern computer consists of:
 One or more processors
 Main memory
 Disks
 Printers
 Various input/output devices.
• Managing all these varied components
requires a layer of software – the
Operating System (OS).
What is an Operating System (2)?

An Operating System is a program that acts as an intermediary/interface

between a user of a computer and the computer hardware.
OS goals:
◦ Control/execute user/application programs.
◦ Make the computer system convenient to use.
◦ Ease the solving of user problems.
◦ Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.
Where does the OS fit in?
Services provided by an OS

Facilities for program creation

◦ editors, compilers, linkers, debuggers, etc.

Program execution
◦ loading in memory, I/O and file initialization.

Access to I/O and files

◦ deals with the specifics of I/O and file formats.

System access
◦ resolves conflicts for resource contention.
◦ protection in access to resources and data.
Why are Operating Systems
Important?
Important to understand and know how to correctly use
when writing user applications.
Large and complex systems that have a high economic
impact and result in interesting problems of
management.
Few actually involved in OS design and implementation
but nevertheless many general techniques to be learned
and applied.
Combines concepts from many other areas of Computer
Science: Architecture, Languages,
Data Structures, Algorithms, etc.
Course Syllabus (1)

Motivation for Operating Systems (OS)

Introduction
◦ What's an Operating System?
◦ Computer/Operating System Overview
◦ Evolution of Operating Systems
◦ Functional/Protection Aspects
◦ Operating System Structures
Course Syllabus (2)

Concurrent Processes
◦ Process Models and Management
◦ Process Description and Control
◦ Task/Thread Description and Control
◦ Concurrency: Mutual Exclusion and
Synchronization
◦ Concurrency: Deadlock and Starvation
Course Syllabus (3)

Memory Management
◦ Real Memory Management
◦ Motivation for Virtual Memory (VM)
◦ Paging and Segmentation
◦ Page Fetch, Placement and Replacement
Course Syllabus (4)

Uniprocessor Scheduling
◦ Levels of CPU Scheduling
◦ Process Scheduling
External Storage Management
◦ File Systems/Management
◦ Directories
◦ File Allocation
◦ Disk Scheduling
Computer Hardware Organization
Computer System Components
1. Hardware – provides basic computing resources
(CPU, Memory, I/O devices, Communication).
2. Operating System – controls and coordinates
use of the hardware among various application
programs for various users.
3. System & Application Programs – ways in which the
system resources are used to solve computing
problems of the users (Word processors, Compilers,
Web browsers, Database systems, Video games).
4. Users – (People, Machines, other computers).
Hierarchical view of computer system

A. FRANK - P. WEISBERG
Static View of System
Components
Dynamic View of System
Components
Layers of a Computer System

End
User
Programmer
Application
Programs
Utilities Operating-
System
Operating-System Designer

Computer Hardware
 What Operating Systems Do
Depends on the point of view.
Users want convenience, ease of use and good performance
◦ Don’t care about resource utilization.
But a shared computer such as mainframe or minicomputer must
keep all users happy.
Users of dedicate systems such as workstations have dedicated
resources but frequently use shared resources from servers.
Handheld computers are resource poor, optimized for usability
and battery life.
Some computers have little or no user interface, such as
embedded computers in devices and automobiles.
Views of an Operating System

There are three classical views (in literature):

1. Resource Manager – manages and allocates resources.
2. Control program – controls the execution of user programs and operations
of I/O devices.
3. Command Executer – Provides an environment for running user
commands.

But one more modern view: the Operating System as a Virtual

Machine.
1. Resource Manager

Resource Manager:
◦ Manages and protects multiple computer resources: CPU,
Processes, Internal/External memory, Tasks, Applications,
Users, Communication channels, etc…
◦ Handles and allocates resources to multiple users or multiple
programs running at the same time and space (e.g., processor
time, memory, I/O devices).
◦ Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair
resource use (e.g., maximize throughput, minimize response
time).
Sort of a bottom-up view.
OS as a Resource Manager
2. Control Program

Control Program:
◦ Manages all the components of a complex
computer system in an integrated manner.
◦ Controls the execution of user programs and
I/O devices to prevent errors and improper use
of computer resources.
◦ Looks over and protects the computer:
Monitor, Supervisor, Executive, Controller,
Master, Coordinator ….
Sort of a black box view.
3. Command Executer

Command Executer:
◦ Interfaces between the users and machine.
◦ Supplies services/utilities to users.
◦ Provides the users with a convenient CLI
(Command Language Interface), also called a
Shell (in UNIX), for entering the user
commands.
Sort of a top-down view.
Modern view: Virtual Machine (1)

Operating System as a Virtual Machine:

◦ An interface between the user and hardware that hides the details of the hardware
(e.g., I/O).
◦ Constructs higher-level (virtual) resources out of lower-level (physical) resources (e.g.,
files).
◦ Definition: OS is a collection of software enhancements, executed on the bare
hardware, culminating in a high-level virtual machine that serves as an advanced
programming environment.
◦ virtual machine = software enhancement = extended machine = abstract machine = layer = level = ring.
Definition of Operating System
There is no universally accepted definition.
“Everything a vendor ships when you order an operating system” is
good approximation but varies widely.
“The one program running at all times on the computer” is the Kernel.
Everything else is either a system program (ships with the operating
system) or an application program.
What is the OS/Kernel?

Is the Operating System just the Kernel (not the utilities and application
programs)?!
The Command Line Interface (CLI) (or command layer/interpreter or shell)
allows direct command entry by the user.
The shell used to be in the kernel but now is a (first between equals) utility
outside of it:
◦ Easy to change/debug
◦ Many of them (sh, bsh, csh, ksh, tcsh, wsh, bash)
◦ Possible to switch between them (chsh)
CLI is the User OS Interface

CLI allows direct command entry:

◦ Sometimes implemented in kernel, sometimes by systems program.
◦ Sometimes multiple flavors implemented – shells.
◦ Primarily fetches a command from user and executes it.
◦ Sometimes commands built-in, sometimes just names of programs; if the latter,
adding new features doesn’t require shell modification.
UNIX System Layout
General UNIX Architecture
 Main Bibliography
A. Silberschatz, P. B. Galvin, and G. Gagne, “Operating Systems Concepts
(Essentials)”,
9th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
http://codex.cs.yale.edu/avi/os-book/

A. FRANK - P. WEISBERG
 Main Bibliography

W. Stallings, “Operating
Systems: Internals
and Design
Principles”, 8th ed,
Pearson, 2015.
http://williamstallin
gs.com/OperatingSy
stems/

A. FRANK - P. WEISBERG
Main Bibliography

A. S. Tanenbaum,
“Modern Operating
Systems”, 4th ed,
Pearson, 2015.
http://www.pearsonhigh
ered.com/educator/acad
emic/product/0,,013600
6639,00%2ben-USS_01D
BC.html

A. FRANK - P. WEISBERG
Main Bibliography

T. W. Doeppner,
Operating Systems in
Depth, John Wiley &
Sons, 2011,
http://eu.wiley.com/
WileyCDA/WileyTitle/
productCd-EHEP0018
03.html

A. FRANK - P. WEISBERG