Module 6 : Routing and Routing Protocols

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Section 1 : Static Routing

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 Routing Table Overview
• For a network to be added to routing table as directly connected, Do the
following :
 The interface must be “up” and “up”
 Adding an ip address/mask to the interface
• All reachable networks found in the routing table.

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Routing Table Overview (Continue ….)
192.168.2.0/24 172.16.0.0/16 192.168.1.0/24 10.1.0.0/16
RTA RTB RTC
e0 s0 s0 s1 s1 e0

.1 .1 .2 .1 .2 .1

RTA#show ip route
Codes: C - connected,.. <Other codes and gateway information omitted>
RTA#

RTA(config)#inter e 0
RTA(config-if)#ip add 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
RTA(config-if)#no shutdown
RTA#show ip route
Codes: C - connected,.. <Other codes and gateway information omitted>

C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0

RTA#

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 Route Types
• Routing is the process that a router uses to forward packets
toward the destination network.
• A router makes decisions based upon the destination IP address
of a packet.
• Static routes are configured manually where the network
administrator must add and delete static routes to reflect any
network topology changes.
• Dynamic routes is learned automatically from other routers using
routing protocols.

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 Static Route Operation
• Static route operations can be divided into three parts:
 Network administrator configures the route
 Router installs the route in the routing table
 The static route is used to route packets.

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 Static Route Operation (Continue ….)
• RTR(config)# ip route prefix mask {address | interface} [distance]
 prefix IP route prefix for the destination.
 mask Prefix mask for the destination.
 Address IP address of the “next hop” that can be used to reach that network.
 Interface Network interface to use (exit-interface)
 Distance (Optional) An administrative distance (AD) indicate the reliability of a route.
• If the router cannot reach the outgoing interface that is being used in a route, the route will not be installed in the routing table.

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 Static Route Operation (Continue ….)
• The default AD when using a static route is 1 while AD of directly connected
is 0.
• The router install the route which have the lowest administrative distance in
the routing table.
• The metric for static routes and directly connected network is 0.

RTA(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 serial 0

RTA(config)#ip route 10.1.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.16.0.2
RTA#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static,
C 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0
S 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0
10.0.0.0/16 is subnetted, 1 subnets
S 10.1.0.0 [1/0] via 172.16.0.2
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0

Go To: e-lab 6.1.3

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 Configuring Default Route
• Default routes are used to route packets with destinations that do not match any of the other routes in the routing table.
• Routers are typically configured with a default route for Internet-bound traffic, since it is often impractical and unnecessary to maintain routes to all networks in the Internet.
• A default route is a static route with special format which is:
 Ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [next-hop-address/outgoing interface]
• If a packet does not match any route in the routing table, it will be routed to the 0.0.0.0 network.
• How can static routes and static default routes used together to configure a simple network ????

Go To: e-lab 6.1.4

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 Verifying Static Route Configuration

• To verify the static route configuration:

Issue show running-config to verify that the static route
was entered correctly.
Issue show ip route command to make sure that the
static route is present in the routing table.

Go To: e-lab 6.1.5

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 Troubleshooting Static Route
Configuration
• The show interfaces command
• The ping command
• The traceroute command

Go To: e-lab 6.1.6

Eample: Routing table , Ping

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The default Gateway
• The PC uses its default gateway to have connection
outside its LAN.
• There are 2 methods used by the router which are :
Proxy ARP
The default gateway

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 The default Gateway (Continue ….)

• By default, router use proxy arp method, so if i put the gateway of pc as the ip of any reachable network it
will use it and forward packet if:
The gateway found in cache arp.
The gateway found in routing table.
• If you disable proxy arp feature , the pc must have the ip address of connected router interface as it
default gateway. The router can forward the traffic outside LAN if:
The default gateway is its exit interface.
The used default gateway is not pc exit interface but found in cache.

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Section 2 : Dynamic Routing Overview

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Routed Versus Routing Protocol

• The routing protocols allow the routers to share information about networks. Routers use this information to build and maintain routing tables.

Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
• A routed protocol carries user traffic and provides enough information in its network layer address to allow a packet to be forwarded based on the addressing scheme.
• Internet Protocol (IP)
• Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX)

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 Routing Protocols

• The routing protocol learns all available routes, places the best routes into the routing table, and removes routes when they are no longer
valid.
• The router uses the information in the routing table to forward routed protocol packets.
• Whenever the topology of a network changes because of growth, reconfiguration, or failure, the network knowledgebase must also change.
• When all routers in an internetwork operate with the same knowledge, the internetwork is said to have converged.
• Fast convergence is desirable because it reduces the period of time in which routers would continue to make incorrect routing decisions.

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 Autonomous Systems

• An AS is a collection of networks under a common administration that share a common routing strategy.
• Autonomous systems divide the global internetwork into smaller and more manageable networks .
• An autonomous system is assigned a globally unique number which 16 bit , which is the Autonomous System Number
(ASN).
• An autonomous system shares routing information with other autonomous systems using Exterior Routing Protocol.

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Autonomous Systems (Continue …)

• Autonomous System Advantages are :

 Reduce the number of routes in the routing table.
 Reduce B.W. usage (low overhead) .
 No need to increase hardware requirements.
 Routers in other autonomous systems only need a summary of the routing information
 improves network stability since routing updates that are caused by topology changes do not have to be shared outside of the local AS.

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Routing Protocols classification

• Routing Protocols can be classified into:

 Distance vector
 Link-state

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 Distance Vector Routing Protocols

• The distance vector routing algorithm passes periodically copies of a routing table from router to router.
• Each router receives a routing table from its directly connected neighbor routers.
• The distance vector algorithm does not allow a router to know the exact topology of an internetwork since
each router only sees its neighbor routers.

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Distance Vector Routing Protocols (Continue …)

• The distance vector routing algorithm is also known as the Bellman-Ford algorithm.

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 Distance Vector Routing Protocols (Continue …)

• Routing table updates occur when the topology changes and as with the network discovery process, topology change updates proceed
step-by-step from router to router.

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Distance Vector Routing Protocols (Continue …)

• Routing table updates occurs :

 Periodically
 when the topology changes

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Link-State Routing Protocols

• The link-state algorithm is also known as Dijkstra's algorithm or as the shortest path first (SPF) algorithm.
• The link-state routing algorithm maintains full knowledge of distant routers and how they interconnect.
• Link-state routing uses the following features:
 Link-state advertisements (LSAs): a small packet of routing information that is sent between routers (neighbor router name , interface status, cost of link to neighbor ).
 Topological database: a collection of information gathered from LSAs
 SPF algorithm: calculation performed on the database that results in the SPF tree
 Routing table

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Link-State Routing Protocols (Continue
….)

• In the initial discovery process, all routers send LSA packets to all other routers.
• What happens when topology changes ??????
• Before initial finished, no valid user data will be sent as the internetwork didn’t converged yet.
• There are three main concerns related to routers that use link-state protocols:
 Processor overhead
 Memory requirements
 Bandwidth consumption
• After this initial flooding, link-state routing protocols generally require minimal bandwidth to send event-triggered LSA packets that reflect topology changes.

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Section 3 : Routing Protocols Overview

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 What is a route metric ????

• Routing protocols use metrics to determine the best route to a destination.

• Some routing protocols use only one factor to calculate the metric but other routing
protocols may use multiplies factors to calculate the metric.
• A lower metric number generally indicates a better path.

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What is a route metric ???? (Continue ……)

• The factors used to calculate metric:

Hop Count: the number of routers that must me traversed to reach the destination (lowest is the best).
Bandwidth : The link speed (greatest is the best)
Delay: The amount of time for a packet to travel a link (least is the best)
Load: The amount of activity on a link (smallest is the best)
Reliability: The error rate on the link (greatest is the best)
Cost: An administratively defined metric (lowest is the best).

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Path Determination

• A router determines the path of a packet using two basic functions:

 A path determination function: The router uses the routing table to evaluate the paths to a destination and to establish the preferred way to handle a packet.
 A switching function is the internal process used by a router to accept a packet on one interface and forward it to a second interface on the same router.
• The router uses the routing table to determine the best path and then uses the switching function to forward the packet.

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Configuring Dynamic Routing

GAD(config)#router rip
• To enable a routing protocol on a router, Do the following:
 Issue the router command to select the routing protocol and to start the routing process.
 Issue the network command to enable the routing process to determine which interfaces send and receive routing updates.

GAD(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0
• For RIP and IGRP, the network numbers are based on the network class addresses, not subnet addresses or individual host addresses.
• Dynamic routing uses broadcasts and multicasts to communicate with other routers.

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Routing Protocols

Routing Information Protocol (RIP) :-

 It is a distance vector routing protocol.
 The RIP maximum hop count is 15
 Hop count is used as the metric for path selection.
 Routing updates are broadcast every 30 seconds

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) :-

 is a proprietary protocol developed by Cisco
 The IGRP maximum hop count is 255
 It is a distance vector routing protocol.
 Bandwidth, load, delay and reliability are used to create a composite metric .
 It uses unequal cost and equal-cost load balancing.
 Routing updates are broadcast every 90 seconds, by default.

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Routing Protocols (Continue ….)

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) :-

 It is a link-state routing protocol.
 The SPF algorithm is used to calculate the lowest cost to a destination.
 Routing updates are flooded as topology changes occur.

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) :-

 is a proprietary protocol developed by Cisco
 It is an enhanced distance vector routing protocol.
 It uses a combination of distance vector and link-state features.
 It uses unequal cost and equal-cost load balancing.
 It uses Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) to calculate the shortest path.
 Routing updates are triggered by topology changes.

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Routing Protocols (Continue ….)

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP):-

 It is a distance vector exterior routing protocol.
 It is used between ISPs or ISPs and clients.
 It is used to route Internet traffic between autonomous systems.

Go To: Interactive Media Activity 6.3.3

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Interior/Exterior Routing Protocols

Go To: Interactive Media Activity 6.3.4

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Routing Protocols Classification

• Routing protocols can be classified as:-

 Distance Vector routing protocols.
 Link State routing protocols.
• Also it can be classified as:-
 Interior routing protocols (Interior gateway protocols).
 Exterior routing protocols (Exterior gateway protocols).
• Also it can be classified as:-
 Classful routing protocols (does not include the subnet mask information with the routing update ).
 Classless routing protocols (include the subnet mask information with the routing update ).

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