UNIT-03

Numpy basics arrays and vectorized computation

 INTRODUCTION
• NumPy, short for Numerical Python, has long been a cornerstone of numerical computing in Python.

• NumPy is a basic package for scientific computing with Python and especially for data analysis.

NumPy contains, among other things:

• A fast and efficient multidimensional array object ndarray.

• Functions for performing element-wise computations with arrays or mathematical operations between
arrays

• Tools for reading and writing array-based datasets to disk

• Linear algebra operations, Fourier transform, and random number generation

• A mature C API to enable Python extensions and native C or C++ code to access NumPy’s data structures
and computational facilities.
• one of its primary uses in data analysis is as a container for data to be passed between algorithms and
libraries.
 INTRODUCTION
• One of the reasons NumPy is so important for numerical computations in Python is because it is designed for
efficiency on large arrays of data. There are a number of reasons for this:

1. NumPy internally stores data in a contiguous block of memory, independent of other built-in Python objects.
NumPy’s library of algorithms written in the C language can operate on this memory without any type
checking or other overhead. NumPy arrays also use much less memory than built-in Python sequences.

2. NumPy operations perform complex computations on entire arrays without the need for Python for loops.
 The NumPy ndarray:
A multidimensional array object
• One of the key features of NumPy is its N-dimensional array object, or ndarray, which is a fast, flexible container for large datasets in
Python. Arrays enable you to perform mathematical operations on whole blocks of data using similar syntax to the equivalent
operations between scalar elements.

• To give you a flavor of how NumPy enables batch computations with similar syntax to scalar values on built-in Python objects, I first
import NumPy and generate a small array of random data:

• In [12]: import numpy as np

• # Generate some random data

• In [13]: data = np.random.randn(2, 3)

• In [14]: data

• Out[14]:

• array([[-0.2047, 0.4789, -0.5194],

• [-0.5557, 1.9658, 1.3934]])

In [16]: data + data
Out[16]:array([[-0.4094, 0.9579, -1.0389], [-1.1115, 3.9316, 2.7868]])
In the first example, all of the elements have been multiplied by 10. In the second, the
corresponding values in each “cell” in the array have been added to each other.
First import NumPy and generate a small array of random data:

In [12]: import numpy as np

# Generate some random data
In [13]: data = np.random.randn(2, 3) An ndarray is a generic
In [14]: data multidimensional container for
Out[14]: homogeneous data; that is, all
array([[-0.2047, 0.4789, -0.5194], of the elements must be the same
[-0.5557, 1.9658, 1.3934]]) type. Every array has a shape, a tuple
I then write mathematical operations indicating the size of each dimension,
with data: and a dtype, an object describing the
In [15]: data * 10 data type of the array:
In [17]: data.shape
Out[15]: Out[17]: (2, 3)
array([[ -2.0471, 4.7894, -5.1944], In [18]: data.dtype
[ -5.5573, 19.6578, 13.9341]]) Out[18]: dtype('float64')
In [16]: data + data
Out[16]:

array([[-0.4094, 0.9579, -1.0389],

[-1.1115, 3.9316, 2.7868]])
 The NumPy ndarray:
A multidimensional array object

• An ndarray is a generic multidimensional container for homogeneous data; that is, all of the
elements must be the same type.

• Every array has a shape, a tuple indicating the size of each dimension, and a dtype, an
object describing the data type of the array:

• >>> a = np.array([1, 2, 3])

• >>> a

• array([1, 2, 3])

• >>> type(a)

• <type 'numpy.ndarray'>
 The NumPy ndarray:
A multidimensional array object

• In order to know the associated dtype to the just created ndarray, you have to use the dtype attribute.
• The data type is stored in a special dtype metadata object

• >>> a.dtype

• dtype('int32')
• >>> a.ndim
• 1
• >>> a.size
• 3
 Creating ndarrays
• To define a new ndarray, the easiest way is to use the array() function, passing a Python list containing the elements to be included in it
as an argument.

• Example:
• In [19]: data1 = [6, 7.5, 8, 0, 1]
• In [20]: arr1 = np.array(data1)
• In [21]: arr1
• Out[21]: array([ 6. , 7.5, 8. , 0. , 1. ])
• But the use of arrays can be easily extended to the case with several dimensions. For example, if you define a two-dimensional array
2x2:
• >>> b = np.array([[1.3, 2.4],[0.3, 4.1]])
• >>> b.dtype
• dtype('float64')
• >>> b.ndim
• 2
• >>> b.size
• 4
• >>> b.shape
• (2L, 2L)
• This array has rank 2, since it has two axis, each of length 2.
 Creating ndarrays
• In addition to np.array, there are a number of other functions for creating new arrays.
• As examples, zeros and ones create arrays of 0s or 1s, respectively, with a given length or shape.
• empty creates an array without initializing its values to any particular value.
• To create a higher dimensional array with these methods, pass a tuple for the shape:
• In [25]: np.empty((2, 3, 2))
• Out[25]:
• array([[[ 4.94065646e-324, 4.94065646e-324],
• [ 3.87491056e-297, 2.46845796e-130],
• [ 4.94065646e-324, 4.94065646e-324]],

• [[ 1.90723115e+083, 5.73293533e-053],
• [ -2.33568637e+124, -6.70608105e-012],
• [ 4.42786966e+160, 1.27100354e+025]]])
 Data Types for ndarrays
• The data type or dtype is a special object containing the information (or metadata, data about data) the ndarray needs to
interpret a chunk of memory as a particular type of data:

• In [33]: arr1 = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=np.float64)

• In [34]: arr2 = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=np.int32)

• In [35]: arr1.dtype

• Out[35]: dtype('float64')

• Additionally NumPy provides types of its own. numpy.int32, numpy.int16, and numpy.float64 are some examples.

• dtypes are a source of NumPy’s flexibility for interacting with data coming from other systems.

• The numerical dtypes are named the same way: a type name, like float or int, followed by a number indicating the number
of bits per element.

• A standard doubleprecision floating-point value (what’s used under the hood in Python’s float object) takes up 8 bytes or
64 bits. Thus, this type is known in NumPy as float64.
 Data Types for ndarrays

• The type of the array can also be explicitly specified at creation time:
• >>>c = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], dtype=complex)
• >>>c
• >>>array([[1.+0.j, 2.+0.j],
• [3.+0.j, 4.+0.j]])
 Data Types for ndarrays

• You can explicitly convert or cast an array from one dtype to another using ndarray’s astype
method:
• In [37]: arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
• In [38]: arr.dtype
• Out[38]: dtype('int64')
• In [39]: float_arr = arr.astype(np.float64)
• In [40]: float_arr.dtype
• Out[40]: dtype('float64')
 Data Types for ndarrays

• In this example, integers were cast to floating point. If I cast some floating-point numbers
to be of integer dtype, the decimal part will be truncated:

• In [41]: arr = np.array([3.7, -1.2, -2.6, 0.5, 12.9, 10.1])

• In [42]: arr

• Out[42]: array([ 3.7, -1.2, -2.6, 0.5, 12.9, 10.1])

• In [43]: arr.astype(np.int32)

• Out[43]: array([ 3, -1, -2, 0, 12, 10], dtype=int32)

 Data Types for ndarrays

• If you have an array of strings representing numbers, you can use astype to
convert them to numeric form:

• In [44]: numeric_strings = np.array(['1.25', '-9.6', '42'], dtype=np.string_)

• In [45]: numeric_strings.astype(float)

• Out[45]: array([ 1.25, -9.6 , 42. ])

 Printing Arrays

• When you print an array, NumPy displays it in a similar way to nested lists, but with the
following layout:
• the last axis is printed from left to right,
• the second-to-last is printed from top to bottom,
• the rest are also printed from top to bottom, with each slice separated from the next by
an empty line.
• One-dimensional arrays are then printed as rows, bidimensionals as matrices and
tridimensionals as lists of matrices.
• >>>a = np.arange(6) # 1d array
• >>>print(a)
• [0 1 2 3 4 5]
• >>>b = np.arange(12).reshape(4, 3) # 2d array
• >>>print(b)
• [[ 0 1 2]
• [ 3 4 5]
• [ 6 7 8]
• [ 9 10 11]]
• >>>c = np.arange(24).reshape(2, 3, 4) # 3d array
• >>>print(c)
• [[[ 0 1 2 3]
• [ 4 5 6 7]
• [ 8 9 10 11]]

• [[12 13 14 15]
• [16 17 18 19]
• [20 21 22 23]]]
 Arithmetic with NumPy Arrays
• Arrays are important because they enable you to express batch operations on data without writing any for loops. NumPy users
call this vectorization. Any arithmetic operations between equal-size arrays applies the operation element-wise:
• >>>a = np.array([20, 30, 40, 50])
• >>>b = np.arange(4)
• >>>b
• >>>array([0, 1, 2, 3])
• >>>c = a - b
• >>>c
• >>>array([20, 29, 38, 47])
• >>>b**2
• >>>array([0, 1, 4, 9])
• >>>10 * np.sin(a)
• >>>array([ 9.12945251, -9.88031624, 7.4511316 , -2.62374854])
• >>>a < 35
• array([ True, True, False, False])
 Arithmetic with NumPy Arrays

• In [51]: arr = np.array([[1., 2., 3.], [4., 5., 6.]])

• In [52]: arr
• Out[52]:array([[ 1., 2., 3.],
• [ 4., 5., 6.]])

• In [53]: arr * arr

• Out[53]:array([[ 1., 4., 9.],
• [ 16., 25., 36.]])
• In [54]: arr - arr
• Out[54]: array([[ 0., 0., 0.],
• [ 0., 0., 0.]])
 Arithmetic with NumPy Arrays
• Comparisons between arrays of the same size yield boolean arrays:
• In [57]: arr2 = np.array([[0., 4., 1.], [7., 2., 12.]])

• In [58]: arr2
• Out[58]:
• array([[ 0., 4., 1.],
• [ 7., 2., 12.]])

• In [59]: arr2 > arr

• Out[59]:
• array([[False, True, False],
• [ True, False, True]], dtype=bool)
• Operations between differently sized arrays is called broadcasting.
 Basic Indexing and Slicing
• NumPy array indexing is a rich topic, as there are many ways you may want to select a subset of your data
or individual elements. One-dimensional arrays are simple:
• In [60]: arr = np.arange(10)
• In [61]: arr
• Out[61]: array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

• In [62]: arr[5]
• Out[62]: 5

• In [63]: arr[5:8]
• Out[63]: array([5, 6, 7])

• In [64]: arr[5:8] = 12
• In [65]: arr
• Out[65]: array([ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 12, 12, 12, 8, 9])
 Fancy Indexing
• Fancy indexing is a term adopted by NumPy to • To select out a subset of the rows in a particular order,
describe indexing using integer arrays. you can simply pass a list or
• Suppose we had an 8 × 4 array:
• ndarray of integers specifying the desired order:
• In [117]: arr = np.empty((8, 4))
• In [120]: arr[[4, 3, 0, 6]]
• In [118]: for i in range(8):
• Out[120]:
• .....: arr[i] = i
• array([[ 4., 4., 4., 4.],
• In [119]: arr
• [ 3., 3., 3., 3.],
• Out[119]:
• [ 0., 0., 0., 0.],
• array([[ 0., 0., 0., 0.],
• [ 6., 6., 6., 6.]])
• [ 1., 1., 1., 1.],
• Using negative indices selects rows from the end:
• [ 2., 2., 2., 2.],
• In [121]: arr[[-3, -5, -7]]
• [ 3., 3., 3., 3.],
• Out[121]:
• [ 4., 4., 4., 4.],
• array([[ 5., 5., 5., 5.],
• [ 5., 5., 5., 5.],
• [ 3., 3., 3., 3.],
• [ 6., 6., 6., 6.],
• [ 7., 7., 7., 7.]])
• [ 1., 1., 1., 1.]])
 Fancy Indexing
• Passing multiple index arrays does something slightly different; it selects a one dimensional array of elements
corresponding to each tuple of indices:
• In [122]: arr = np.arange(32).reshape((8, 4))
• In [123]: arr
• Out[123]:
• array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3],
• [ 4, 5, 6, 7],
• [ 8, 9, 10, 11],
• [12, 13, 14, 15],
• [16, 17, 18, 19],
• [20, 21, 22, 23], Here the red color
elements represents the
• [24, 25, 26, 27], position ,0,3,1,2 location
• [28, 29, 30, 31]]) elements will be fetched
from 1,5,7,2 rows
• In [124]: arr[[1, 5, 7, 2], [0, 3, 1, 2]]
• Out[124]: array([ 4, 23, 29, 10])
• Here the elements (1, 0), (5, 3), (7, 1), and (2, 2) were selected. Regardless of how many dimensions the array
 Fancy Indexing

• The behavior of fancy indexing in this case is a bit different from what some users might have expected
(myself included), which is the rectangular region formed by selecting a subset of the matrix’s rows and
columns. Here is one way to get that:

• In [125]: arr[[1, 5, 7, 2]][:, [0, 3, 1, 2]]

Red color numbers indicates the
• Out[125]: position which means the new
elements will be arranged in this
format
• array([[ 4, 7, 5, 6],

• [20, 23, 21, 22],

• [28, 31, 29, 30],

• [ 8, 11, 9, 10]])

• Keep in mind that fancy indexing, unlike slicing, always copies the data into a new array.
 Transposing Arrays and Swapping Axes
• Transposing is a special form of reshaping that similarly returns a view on the underlying data without copying
anything.
• Arrays have the transpose method and also the special T attribute:
• In [126]: arr = np.arange(15).reshape((3, 5))
• In [127]: arr
• Out[127]:
• array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4],
• [ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9],
• [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]])
• In [128]: arr.T
• Out[128]:
• array([[ 0, 5, 10],
• [ 1, 6, 11],
• [ 2, 7, 12],
• [ 3, 8, 13],
• [ 4, 9, 14]])
 Transposing Arrays and Swapping Axes
• Simple transposing with .T is a special case of swapping axes.
• ndarray has the method swapaxes, which takes a pair of axis numbers and switches the indicated axes to rearrange the data:
• In [135]: arr
• Out[135]:
• array([[[ 0, 1, 2, 3],
• [ 4, 5, 6, 7]],
• [[ 8, 9, 10, 11],
• [12, 13, 14, 15]]])
• In [136]: arr.swapaxes(1, 2)
• Out[136]:
• array([[[ 0, 4],
• [ 1, 5],
• [ 2, 6],
• [ 3, 7]],
• [[ 8, 12], swapaxes similarly returns a view on the data without making a copy..
• [ 9, 13],
• [10, 14],
• [11, 15]]])
 Universal Functions: Fast Element-Wise Array
Functions
• A universal function, or ufunc, is a function that performs element-wise operations on data in ndarrays.
• You can think of them as fast vectorized wrappers for simple functions that take one or more scalar
values and produce one or more scalar results.
• Many ufuncs are simple element-wise transformations, like sqrt or exp:
• In [137]: arr = np.arange(10)
• In [138]: arr
• Out[138]: array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
• In [139]: np.sqrt(arr)
• Out[139]:
• array([ 0. , 1. , 1.4142, 1.7321, 2. , 2.2361, 2.4495,
• 2.6458, 2.8284, 3. ])
• In [140]: np.exp(arr) These are referred to as unary ufuncs.
• Out[140]:
• array([ 1. , 2.7183, 7.3891, 20.0855, 54.5982,
• 148.4132, 403.4288, 1096.6332, 2980.958 , 8103.0839])
 Universal Functions: Fast Element-Wise Array
Functions
• Others, such as add or maximum, take two arrays (thus, binary ufuncs) and return a single array as the result:
• In [141]: x = np.random.randn(8)
• In [142]: y = np.random.randn(8)
• In [143]: x
• Out[143]:
• array([-0.0119, 1.0048, 1.3272, -0.9193, -1.5491, 0.0222, 0.7584,
• -0.6605])
• In [144]: y
• Out[144]:
• array([ 0.8626, -0.01 , 0.05 , 0.6702, 0.853 , -0.9559, -0.0235,
• -2.3042])
• In [145]: np.maximum(x, y)
• Out[145]:
• array([ 0.8626, 1.0048, 1.3272, 0.6702, 0.853 , 0.0222, 0.7584,
• -0.6605])
Array-Oriented Programming with
Arrays
• Using NumPy arrays enables you to express many kinds of data
processing tasks as concise array expressions that might otherwise
require writing loops.
• This practice of replacing explicit loops with array expressions is
commonly referred to as vectorization.
• In general, vectorized array operations will often be one or two (or
more) orders of magnitude faster than their pure Python equivalents,
with the biggest impact in any kind of numerical computations.
• As a simple example, suppose we wished to evaluate the function
sqrt(x^2 + y^2) across a regular grid of values.
• The np.meshgrid function takes two 1D arrays and produces two 2D
matrices corresponding to all pairs of (x, y) in the two arrays:
In [155]: points = np.arange(-5, 5, 0.01) # 1000
equally spaced points
In [156]: xs, ys = np.meshgrid(points, points)
In [157]: ys
Out[157]:
array([[-5. , -5. , -5. , ..., -5. , -5. , -5. ],
[-4.99, -4.99, -4.99, ..., -4.99, -4.99, -4.99],
[-4.98, -4.98, -4.98, ..., -4.98, -4.98, -4.98],
...,
[ 4.97, 4.97, 4.97, ..., 4.97, 4.97, 4.97],
[ 4.98, 4.98, 4.98, ..., 4.98, 4.98, 4.98],
[ 4.99, 4.99, 4.99, ..., 4.99, 4.99, 4.99]])
• Now, evaluating the function is a matter of writing the same
expression you would write with two points:
In [158]: z = np.sqrt(xs ** 2 + ys ** 2)
In [159]: z
Out[159]:
array([[ 7.0711, 7.064 , 7.0569, ..., 7.0499, 7.0569,
7.064 ],
[ 7.064 , 7.0569, 7.0499, ..., 7.0428, 7.0499,
7.0569],
[ 7.0569, 7.0499, 7.0428, ..., 7.0357, 7.0428,
7.0499],
...,
[ 7.0499, 7.0428, 7.0357, ..., 7.0286, 7.0357,
7.0428],
[ 7.0569, 7.0499, 7.0428, ..., 7.0357, 7.0428,
7.0499],
[ 7.064 , 7.0569, 7.0499, ..., 7.0428, 7.0499,
7.0569]])
• In [160]: import matplotlib.pyplot as
plt
• In [161]: plt.imshow(z, cmap=plt.cm.gray);
plt.colorbar()
• Out[161]: <matplotlib.colorbar.Colorbar at
0x7f715e3fa630>
• In [162]: plt.title("Image plot of $\sqrt{x^2
+ y^2}$ for a grid of values")
• Out[162]: <matplotlib.text.Text at
0x7f715d2de748>

See Figure 4-3. Here I used the matplotlib

function imshow to create an image plot
from a two-dimensional array of function
values.
Expressing Conditional Logic as
Array Operations
• The numpy.where function is a vectorized version of the ternary
expression x if condition else y. Suppose we had a boolean array and
two arrays of values:
In [165]: xarr = np.array([1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5])
In [166]: yarr = np.array([2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5])
In [167]: cond = np.array([True, False, True, True,
False])
 Suppose we wanted to take a value from xarr whenever the corresponding value in
cond is True, and otherwise take the value from yarr. A list comprehension doing
this might look like:

In [168]: result = [(x if c else y)

.....: for x, y, c in zip(xarr, yarr, cond)]
In [169]: result
Out[169]: [1.1000000000000001, 2.2000000000000002, 1.3, 1.3999999999999999,
2.5]
This has multiple problems. First, it will not be very fast for large arrays (because all
the work is being done in interpreted Python code). Second, it will not work with
multidimensional arrays. With np.where you can write this very concisely:

In [170]: result = np.where(cond, xarr, yarr)

In [171]: result
Out[171]: array([ 1.1, 2.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.5])
• The second and third In [172]: arr = np.random.randn(4, 4)
arguments to np.where In [173]: arr
don’t need to be arrays; Out[173]:
array([[-0.5031, -0.6223, -0.9212, -
one or both of them can be 0.7262],
scalars. [ 0.2229, 0.0513, -1.1577, 0.8167],
• A typical use of where in [ 0.4336, 1.0107, 1.8249, -0.9975],
data analysis is to produce [ 0.8506, -0.1316, 0.9124, 0.1882]])
a new array of values In [174]: arr > 0
Out[174]:
based on another array. array([[False, False, False, False],
• Suppose you had a matrix [ True, True, False, True],
of randomly generate data [ True, True, True, False],
and you wanted to replace [ True, False, True, True]], dtype=bool)
all positive values with 2 In [175]: np.where(arr > 0, 2, -2)
Out[175]:
and all negative values array([[-2, -2, -2, -2],
with –2. This is very easy to [ 2, 2, -2, 2],
do with np.where:
[ 2, 2, 2, -2],
[ 2, -2, 2, 2]])
You can combine scalars and arrays when using np.where. For
example, I can replace
all positive values in arr with the constant 2 like so:
In [176]: np.where(arr > 0, 2, arr) # set only positive values to 2
Out[176]:
array([[-0.5031, -0.6223, -0.9212, -0.7262],
[ 2. , 2. , -1.1577, 2. ],
[ 2. , 2. , 2. , -0.9975],
[ 2. , -0.1316, 2. , 2. ]])
The arrays passed to np.where can be more than just equal-sized
arrays or scalars.
Mathematical and Statistical
Methods
• A set of mathematical functions that compute statistics
about an entire array or about the data along an axis are
accessible as methods of the array class.
• You can use aggregations (often called reductions) like sum,
mean, and std (standard deviation) either by calling the
array instance method or using the top-level NumPy
function.
Here I generate some normally distributed random
data and compute some aggregate
statistics:
 Functions like mean and sum take an optional axis
argument that computes the statistic
In [177]: arr = np.random.randn(5, 4) over the given axis, resulting in an array with one
In [178]: arr fewer dimension
Out[178]:
array([[ 2.1695, -0.1149, 2.0037, 0.0296],
[ 0.7953, 0.1181, -0.7485, 0.585 ], In [182]: arr.mean(axis=1)
[ 0.1527, -1.5657, -0.5625, -0.0327], Out[182]: array([ 1.022 , 0.1875, -
0.502 , -0.0881, 0.3611])
[-0.929 , -0.4826, -0.0363, 1.0954],
In [183]: arr.sum(axis=0)
[ 0.9809, -0.5895, 1.5817, -0.5287]]) Out[183]: array([ 3.1693, -2.6345,
In [179]: arr.mean() 2.2381, 1.1486])
Out[179]: 0.19607051119998253
In [180]: np.mean(arr)
Out[180]: 0.19607051119998253
In [181]: arr.sum()
Out[181]: 3.9214102239996507
Here, arr.mean(1) means “compute mean across the columns” where
arr.sum(0)
means “compute sum down the rows.”
Other methods like cumsum and cumprod do not aggregate, instead
producing an array
of the intermediate results:
In [184]: arr = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])
In [185]: arr.cumsum()
Out[185]: array([ 0, 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28])
In multidimensional arrays, accumulation functions like cumsum return
an array of In [188]: arr.cumsum(axis=0)
the same size, but with the partial aggregates computed along the
Out[188]:
array([[ 0, 1, 2],
indicated axis [ 3, 5, 7],
according to each lower dimensional slice:[ 9, 12, 15]])
In [186]: arr = np.array([[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]]) In [189]: arr.cumprod(axis=1)
In [187]: arr Out[189]:
Out[187]: array([[ 0, 0, 0],
array([[0, 1, 2], [ 3, 12, 60],
[3, 4, 5], [ 6, 42, 336]])
Table 4-5. Basic array statistical methods
Methods for Boolean Arrays
Boolean values are coerced to 1 (True) and 0 (False) in the preceding
methods. Thus,
sum is often used as a means of counting True values in a boolean array:
In [190]: arr = np.random.randn(100)
In [191]: (arr > 0).sum() # Number of positive values
Out[191]: 42
There are two additional methods, any and all, useful especially for boolean
arrays.
any tests whether one or more values in an array is True, while all checks if
every
value is True:
In [192]: bools = np.array([False, False, True, False])
In [193]: bools.any()
Out[193]: True
In [194]: bools.all()
Out[194]: False
These methods also work with non-boolean arrays, where non-zero elements
evaluate
Sorting
Like Python’s built-in list type, NumPy arrays can be sorted in-place with the
sort
method:
In [195]: arr = np.random.randn(6)
In [196]: arr
Out[196]: array([ 0.6095, -0.4938, 1.24 , -0.1357, 1.43 , -0.8469])
In [197]: arr.sort()
In [198]: arr
Out[198]: array([-0.8469, -0.4938, -0.1357, 0.6095, 1.24 , 1.43 ])
You can sort each one-dimensional section of values in a multidimensional
array inplace
along an axis by passing the axis number to sort:
In [199]: arr = np.random.randn(5, 3)
In [200]: arr
Out[200]:
array([[ 0.6033, 1.2636, -0.2555],
[-0.4457, 0.4684, -0.9616],
[-1.8245, 0.6254, 1.0229],
[ 1.1074, 0.0909, -0.3501],
[ 0.218 , -0.8948, -1.7415]])
In [201]: arr.sort(1)
In [202]: arr
Out[202]:
array([[-0.2555, 0.6033, 1.2636],
[-0.9616, -0.4457, 0.4684],
[-1.8245, 0.6254, 1.0229],
[-0.3501, 0.0909, 1.1074],
[-1.7415, -0.8948, 0.218 ]])
The top-level method np.sort returns a sorted copy of an array
instead of modifying
the array in-place. A quick-and-dirty way to compute the
quantiles of an array is to
sort it and select the value at a particular rank:
In [203]: large_arr = np.random.randn(1000)
In [204]: large_arr.sort()
In [205]: large_arr[int(0.05 * len(large_arr))] # 5% quantile
Out[205]: -1.5311513550102103